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Advances in Cathode's Microstructure Modification to Boost Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Modeste Venin Mendieev Nitou, Wu Yu, Waqas Muhammad, Ziheng Zhang, Daiqian Chen, Hesheng Yu, Mengjun Tang, Xiaodong Fang, Rui Liu, Yashuai Pang, Aadheeshwaran Samynathan, Benammar Djenet Sondra, Yinghua Niu, Weiqiang Lv, Yuanfu Chen
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.006
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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery becomes one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices due to its ultrahigh energy density of 2600 Wh/kg. However, their commercialization is impeded by several critical challenges, including the polysulfide shuttle effect, low electrical conductivity of sulfur, and significant volume expansion during cycling. This review addresses recent developments in the microstructural innovations aimed at improving lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery performance, with a particular focus on the modification of cathode materials. The strategies discussed primarily revolve around enhancing the conductivity of sulfur and effectively confining polysulfides to reduce the dissolution of lithium polysulfides in organic electrolytes. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of porous carbon structures, and metal compounds in stabilizing polysulfides and enhancing electrochemical performances. Additionally, the roles of advanced synthesis techniques that facilitate the creation of hybrid cathodes with superior mechanical properties and cycling stability are summarized. By addressing the inherent limitations of traditional Li-S battery designs, these innovations pave the way for more efficient and reliable energy storage systems, positioning Li-S technology as a viable alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries in future applications.
Highly selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to liquid C2 products by means of a tandem catalytic system
Nan Wang, Yuan Zhang, Xiaoxin Tian, Mingming Sun, Lei Yuan, Huiyong Wang, Jianji Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.007
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Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction for the synthesis of high value-added multi-carbon (C2+) products is a promising strategy to achieve energy storage and carbon neutrality, However, to acquire high selectivity of C2+ products remains a challenge. Herein, Ag NCs@Ag-MOF with highly dispersed Ag nanoclusters (NCs) and Cu-O2N2-COF with Cu-O2N2 active sites were designed, synthesized and then coupled for the conversion of CO2 to liquid C2 products (ethanol and acetate). Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the liquid C2 products was 90.9% at -0.98 V (vs. RHE), which is 1.9 times that of Cu-O2N2-COF in direct CO2 electroreduction and the highest liquid C2 products selectivity reported so far. The current density reached 324.8 mA cm-2 at -1.2 V (vs. RHE). In situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations showed that the tandem catalytic system significantly enhanced the accumulation of *CO on the catalyst and promoted *CO-*CO coupling, thus significantly improving the selectivity of liquid C2 products.
Cutting-edge aminated conjugated microporous poly(aniline)s enabled highperformance membrane for seawater uranium extraction
Xiaoxia Ye, Bingqing Huang, Xueying Chen, Yaping Wang, Zhihong Zheng, Yifan Liu, Yuancai Lv, Chunxiang Lin, Jian Huang, Jie Chen
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.005
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The extraction of uranium from seawater via membrane adsorption is a promising strategy for ensuring a long-term supply of uranium and the sustainability of nuclear energy. However, this approach has been hindered by the longstanding challenge of identifying sustainable membrane materials. In response, we propose a prototypal hybridization strategy to design a novel series of conjugated microporous polymer (CMPO)@collagen fiber membrane (COLM), as decorated with multiple functional groups through an amination. These sustainable and low-cost membrane materials allow a rapid and high-affinity kinetic to capture 90% of the uranium in just 30 min from 50 ppm with a high selectivity of Kd > 105 mL·g-1. They also afford a robustly reusable adsorption capacity as high as 345 mg·g-1 that could harvest 1.61 mg·g-1 of uranium in a short 7-day real marine engineering in Fujian Province, even though suffered from very low uranium concentration of 3.29 µg·L-1 and tough influence of salts such as 10.77 g·L-1 of Na+, 1.75 µg·L-1of VO3-etc in the rough seas. The structural evidence from both experimental and theoretical studies confirmed the formation of favorable chelating motifs from the amino group on CMPN, and the intensification by the synergistic effect from the size-sieving action of CMPN and the capillary inflow effect of COLM.
Enhanced hydroxide conductivity in zwitterionic polyacrylate-based anion exchange membranes via side-chain length optimization
Lu Cai, Naibing Li, Bingbing Li, Tianchi Zhou, Zhengyuan Zhou, Yongnan Zhou, Xi Luo, Kaiying Zhao, Yuekun Lai, Jinli Qiao
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.003
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Developing advanced ion-conductive networks is crucial for anion exchange membranes (AEMs). A flexible molecular structure facilitates the formation of ion clusters and results in enhanced ionic conductivity. Polyacrylates, known for their outstanding flexibility and chemical stability, hold significant potential as polymer electrolyte membranes. In this work, we innovatively constructed a series of polyacrylate-based AEMs decorated with pendant zwitterions (designated as PSBPA-X, BSBPA-X, where X=20, 30, 40). Specifically, the spacer length between the zwitterions is strategically optimized to enhance the ionic conductivity. Atomic force microscopy reveals that a longer spacer length between the zwitterions promotes the microphase separation and the formation of advanced water channels, which facilitates the OH- transport in the BSBPA-40 membrane. Moreover, the stronger electrostatic potential and lower interaction energy between the BSBPA-40 and OH- further contributes to efficient OH- hopping transmission. Consequently, the BSBPA-40 membrane demonstrates the highest OH- conductivity, achieving 102.1 mS/cm at 80 °C and 90% relative humidity, significantly surpassing that of the PSBPA-40 membrane (75.2 mS/cm). Additionally, the BSBPA-40 membrane exhibits remarkable flexibility with an improved breaking elongation of 480.5% due to the ionic cross-linking between the zwitterions. Notably, the BSBPA-40 membrane-based zinc-air battery achieves an outstanding power density of 156.7 mW/cm2 at room temperature, while its water electrolysis performance reaches 2.1 A/cm2 at 2.0 V. These results indicate that the developed membranes hold great promise for applications in sustainable and clean energy technologies.
Single-atom Mn-modified Biomimetic Phthalocyanine Covalent Organic Frameworks with Tunable Pendant Groups for High-efficiency Sodium Chloride Batteries
Jiajun Cui, Zhenzhen Wang, Yongqiang Gu, Ting Xu, Tairan Pang, Chuanling Si, Weiwei Huan, Jie Li
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.002
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Rechargeable chlorine-based battery recently emerged as a promising substitute for energy storage systems due to their high average operating voltage (∼3.7 V) and large theoretical capacity of ∼754.9 mAh g-1. However, insufficient supply of chlorine (Cl2) and sluggish oxidation of NaCl to Cl2 limit its practical application. Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have the potential to be ideal Cl2 host materials as Cl2 adsorbents for their abundant porosity and easily modifiable nature. In this work, the single atom Mn coordinated biomimetic phthalocyanine COFs is used for Cl2 capture and catalyst. The DFT reveals that ASMn and -NH2 significantly change the microenvironment around the active site, effectively promote the oxidation of NaCl. When applied as the cathode material for Na-Cl2 batteries, the SAMn-COFs-NH2 electrode exhibits large reversible capacities and excellent high-rate cycling performances throughout 200 cycles based on the mechanism of highly reversible NaCl/Cl2 redox reactions. Even at the temperature as low as -40 oC, the SAMn-COFs-NH2 cathode showed stable discharge capacities at ∼1000 mAh g-1 over 50 cycles with a voltage plateau of ∼3.3 V. This work may provide new insights for the investigation of chlorine-based electrochemical redox mechanisms and the design of green nanoscaled electrodes for high-property chlorine-based batteries.
Converting waste polyimide into porous carbon nanofiber for all-weather freshwater and hydroelectricity generation
Lijie Liu, Huajian Liu, Huiyue Wang, Kuankuan Liu, Guixin Hu, Yan She, Xueying Wen, Hangyuan Du, Lingling Feng, Jiang Gong
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.06.004
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The dual system capable of solar-driven interfacial steam production and all-weather hydropower generation is emerging as a potential way to alleviate freshwater shortage and energy crisis. However, the intrinsic mechanism of hydroelectric electricity generation powered by the interaction between seawater and material structure is vague, and it remains challenging to develop dual-functional evaporators with high photothermal conversion efficiency and ionic selectivity. Herein, an all-weather dual-function evaporator based on porous carbon fiber-like (PCF) is acquired through the pyrolysis of barium-based metal-organic framework (Ba-BTEC), which is originated from waste polyimide. The PCF-based evaporator/device exhibits a high steam generation rate of 2.93 kg m-2 h-1 in seawater under 1 kW m-2 irradiation, along with the notable open-circuit voltage of 0.32 V, owing to the good light absorption ability, optimal wettability, and suitable aperture size. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation result reveals that Na+ tends to migrate rapidly within the nanoporous channels of PCF, owing to a strong affinity between oxygen-containing functional group and water molecule. This work not only proposes an eco-friendly strategy for constructing low-cost full-time freshwater-hydroelectric co-generation device, but also contributes to the understanding of evaporation-driven energy harvesting technology.
Enhancing C-N bond formation in amine carbonylation through dual hydrogen bonding catalysis under mild reaction conditions
Xiang Hui, Jianhui Shi, Jiajun Zhang, Yan Cao, Huiquan Li, Peng He, Liguo Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.05.010
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The carbonylation of amines offers a promising route for synthesizing N-substituted carbamates with high atom economy. However, conventional catalysts exhibit limited catalytic efficiency, and the underlying proton transfer mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we reported a metal-free, roomtemperature strategy utilizing 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as a dual hydrogen bond catalyst to synergistically activate propylamine (PA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This green catalytic system achieves a 10-fold acceleration in reaction rate compared to other hydrogen bonding catalysts under mild conditions. This is enabled by dual hydrogen bonding of TBD with PA and DMC, which facilitates rapid proton transfer and stabilizes tetrahedral intermediates. Theoretical calculations confirm that the dual hydrogen bond system significantly lowers activation energy compared to single hydrogen bond analogs. Furthermore, it was revealed that the hydrogen bonding network within the product is the primary factor responsible for the sluggish reaction rate. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a dual hydrogen bond system in accelerating the carbonylation of amines and provides a green route to access carbamates.
Advancing Battery Safety System: Introducing Eutectic Hydrated Salt Composite Phase Change Materials with Two Stage Thermal Storage Properties
Wensheng Yang, Zhubin Yao, Xiaoyu Zhou, Xinxi Li, Ya Mao, Wei Jia, Yuhang Wu, Weifu Xu, Rui Liang, Xiaozhou Liu, Lifan Yuan, Zhizhou Tan, Canbing Li
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.05.011
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To address the challenge of balancing thermal management and thermal runaway mitigation, it is crucial to explore effective methods for enhancing the safety of lithiumion battery systems. Herein, an innovative hydrated salt composite phase change material (HSCPCM) with dual phase transition temperature zones has been proposed. This HSCPCM, denoted as SDMA10, combines hydrophilic modified expanded graphite, an acrylic emulsion coating, and eutectic hydrated salts to achieve leakage prevention, enhanced thermal stability, cycling stability, and superior phase change behavior. Battery modules incorporating SDMA10 demonstrate significant thermal control capabilities. Specifically, the cylindrical battery modules with SDMA10 can maintain maximum operating temperatures below 55 °C at 4 C discharge rate, while prismatic battery modules can keep maximum operating temperatures below 65 °C at 2 C discharge rate. In extreme battery overheating conditions simulated using heating plates, SDMA10 effectively suppresses thermal propagation. Even when the central heating plate reaches 300 °C, the maximum temperature at the module edge heating plates remains below 85 °C. Further, compared to organic composite phase change materials (CPCMs), the battery module with SDMA10 can further reduce the peak thermal runaway temperature by 93 °C and delay the thermal runaway trigger time by 689 s, thereby significantly decreasing heat diffusion. Therefore, the designed HSCPCM integrates excellent latent heat storage and thermochemical storage capabilities, providing high thermal energy storage density within the thermal management and thermal runaway threshold temperature range. This research will offer a promising pathway for improving the thermal safety performance of battery packs in electric vehicle and other energy storage systems.
Bio-Inspired Amino Acid Promoted Nanofluidic Ion Transport and Energy Conversion in Free-Standing Layered Vermiculite-based Membranes
Ruohan Feng, Chaoran Zhang, Di Zhang, Fang Song
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.05.009
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Two-dimensional nanofluidic membranes have garnered considerable interest due to their potential for cost-effective osmotic energy harvesting. One promising approach to enhancing ion conductivity and selectivity is the incorporation of guest additives. However, the traditional host-guest configuration can undermine the structural integrity of nanochannels owing to the inconsistent size and shape of these additives. Drawing inspiration from the intricate design of biological protein channels, which utilize small amino acid molecules as guests, we have addressed this issue by incorporating glycine, a common amino acid, into a vermiculite membrane using a simple vacuum-assisted infiltration method. The resulting vermiculite-glycine membrane demonstrates 1.8 times greater ionic conductivity and twice the power density compared to pure vermiculite membranes. Analysis based on glycine content, coupled with spectroscopic examination, reveals that ion conductivity is linked to the distribution of glycine molecules across three specific sites within the membrane. This suggests that glycine molecules—whether confined in voids, adsorbed onto nanochannel surfaces, or intercalated within multilayered vermiculite nanoparticles—enhance nanofluidic ion transport by modulating surface and space charge density, as well as strengthening hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and steric effects. This work reveals the specific interactions between amino acids and vermiculite, offering a novel path for advancing nanofluidic composite membranes and highlighting critical considerations for the proposed strategy.
Multi-scale Nanofiber Filter-based TENG for Sustainable Enhanced PM0.3 Filtration and Self-powered Respiratory Monitoring
Mengtong Yi, Nan Lu, Yukui Gou, Pinmei Yan, Hong Liu, Xiaoqing Gao, Jianying Huang, Weilong Cai, Yuekun Lai
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.05.001
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Advanced healthcare monitors for air pollution applications pose a significant challenge in achieving a balance between high-performance filtration and multifunctional smart integration. Electrospinning triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) provide a significant potential for use under such difficult circumstances. We have successfully constructed a high-performance TENG utilizing a novel multi-scale nanofiber architecture. Nylon 66 (PA66) and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HACC) composites were prepared by electrospinning, and PA66/H multiscale nanofiber membranes composed of nanofibers (≈ 73 nm) and submicron-fibers (≈ 123 nm) were formed. PA66/H multi-scale nanofiber membrane as the positive electrode and negative electrode-spun PVDF-HFP nanofiber membrane composed of respiration- driven PVDF-HFP@PA66/H TENG. The resulting PVDF-HFP@PA66/H TENG based air filter utilizes electrostatic adsorption and physical interception mechanisms, achieving PM0.3 filtration efficiency over 99% with a pressure drop of only 48 Pa.Besides PVDF-HFP@PA66/H TENG exhibits excellent stability in high-humidity environments, with filtration efficiency reduced by less than 1%. At the same time, the TENG achieves periodic contact separation through breathing drive to achieve self- power, which can ensure the long-term stability of the filtration efficiency. In addition to the air filtration function, TENG can also monitor health in real time by capturing human breathing signals without external power supply. This integrated system combines high-efficiency air filtration, self-powered operation, and health monitoring, presenting an innovative solution for air purification, smart protective equipment, and portable health monitoring. These findings highlight the potential of this technology for diverse applications, offering a promising direction for advancing multifunctional air filtration systems.
Optimizing CO production in electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction via electron accumulation at Ni Sites in Ni3ZnC0.7/Ni on N-doped carbon nanofibers
Ge Bai, Min Wang, Luwei Peng, Lulu Li, Yadan Yu, Wenyi Li, Nianjun Yang, Daniil I. Kolokolove, Jinli Qiao
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.010
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The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to valuable products presents a promising solution for addressing global warming and enhancing renewable energy storage. Herein, we construct a novel Ni3ZnC0.7/Ni heterostructure electrocatalyst, using an electrospinning strategy to prepare metal particles uniformly loaded on nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The incorporation of zinc (Zn) into nickel (Ni) catalysts optimizes the adsorption of CO2 intermediates, balancing the strong binding affinity of Ni with the comparatively weaker affinity of Zn, which mitigates over-activation. The electron transfer within the Ni3ZnC0.7/Ni@CNFs system facilitates rapid electron transfer to CO2, resulting in great performance with a faradaic efficiency for CO (FECO) of nearly 90% at -0.86 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a current density of 17.51 mA cm-2 at -1.16 V vs. RHE in an H-cell. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits remarkable stability, maintaining its crystal structure and morphology after 50 hours of electrolysis. Moreover, the Ni3ZnC0.7/Ni@CNFs is used in the membrane electrode assembly reactor (MEA), which can achieve a FECO of 91.7% at a cell voltage of -3 V and a current density of 200 mA cm-2 at -3.9 V, demonstrating its potential for practical applications in CO2 reduction.
Robust Ambient-Stable 2D Heterostructure of Copper Oxides Intercalating Black Phosphorus for Flame Retardancy and Catalytic Removal of Carbon Monoxide
Xiaoyang Yu, Huan Li, Xuyang Miao, Ning Kang, Wenbin Yao, Mingjun Xu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.009
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Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) utilized in flame retardant applications frequently encounters significant challenges, including inadequate ambient stability and elevated carbon monoxide (CO) release rates. To mitigate these issues, an effective approach was proposed for the fabrication of 2D heterostructures comprising copper oxide intercalated with BP in this work. This methodology takes into account both thermodynamic and kinetic factors, resulting in substantial enhancements in the ambient stability of BP and the catalytic performance for CO elimination, achieved through the synergistic interactions between 2D BP and copper oxide, all while preserving the structural integrity of 2D BP. The incorporation of gelatin and kosmotropic anions facilitated the efficient adhesion of the multifunctional heterostructures to the flammable flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF), which not only scavenged free radicals in the gas phase but also catalyzed the formation of a dense carbon layer in the condensed phase. Kosmotropic anions induce a salting-out effect that fosters the development of a chain bundle, a hydrophobic interaction domain, and a potential microphase separation region within the gelatin chains, leading to a marked improvement in the mechanical strength of the heterostructure coatings. The modified FPUF exhibited a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 34%, alongside significantly improved flame resistance: the peak CO release rate was reduced by 78%, the peak heat release rate decreased by 57%, and the fire performance index (FPI) was increased by 40 times compared to untreated FPUF. The 2D heterostructure coatings demonstrated better CO catalytic removal performance relative to previously reported flame retardant products. This research offers a promising design principle for the development of next-generation high-performance flame retardant coatings aimed at enhancing fire protection.
Construction of Hollow Porous Lychee-structured Ni/C/ZnFe2O4 MicrowaveResponsive Catalysts with Rapid Efficiently Reduction of Cr(VI) ions
Gaoqian Yuan, Ling Zhang, Jingzhe Zhang, Long Dong, Xuefeng Liu, Yage Li, Liang Huang, Faliang Li, Haijun Zhang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.008
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Designing catalyst with high reactive efficiency is essential for the reduction of heavy metal Cr(VI) ions in wastewater via microwave induction. In this paper, a unique microwave-responsive lychee-like Ni/C/ZnFe2O4 composite catalyst with double-shell hollow porous heterojunction structure was constructed for the efficient reduction of Cr(VI). Benefiting from the novel hollow porous structure and "carbon nanocage" structure of the Ni/C/ZnFe2O4, coupled with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption ability, the prepared lychee-like Ni/C/ZnFe2O4 composite catalyst could remove up to 98% of Cr(VI) (50 mg/L, 50 mL) after 40 mins of microwave irradiation, even in nearly neutral water conditions. Additionally, density functional theory calculations indicated that the heterojunction interface between Ni/C and ZnFe2O4 enhances electron transfer from ZnFe2O4 to Ni/C, ultimately facilitating the removal of Cr(VI). Furthermore, the incorporation of Ni/C facilitated the acceleration of H ion transfer to *Cr2O72-, thereby expediting the conversion kinetics of the atter. This research aims to establish a theoretical and experimental foundation for the effective and stable microwave-assisted catalytic reduction of heavy metal Cr(VI) ions, presenting new insights and methods to combat heavy metal contamination.
Constructing S-scheme 3D Zn3In2S6/ReS2 heterojunction photocatalyst for simultaneous organic pollutants degradation and hydrogen production
Qi Gao, Tiantian Wang, Liangmeng Ni, Zhenrui Li, Xia Du, Shaowen Rong, Hui Wang, Liquan Jing, Zhijia Liu, Jinguang Hu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.007
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Controlling efficient interfacial charge transfer is crucial for developing advanced photocatalysts. This study successfully developed a bifunctional photocatalyst with an S-scheme heterojunction by incorporating ReS2 into the Zn3In2S6 (ZIS) nanoflower structure, enabling the organic pollutants degradation and synergistic hydrogen production. The optimized ZIS/ReS2-1% exhibited exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, reaching a 97.7% degradation rate of ibuprofen (IBP) within 2 h, along with a hydrogen generation rate of 1.84 mmol/g/h. The degradation efficiency and hydrogen generation rate were 1.78 and 5.75 times greater than that of Zn3In2S6, respectively. Moreover, ZIS/ReS2-1% demonstrated excellent catalytic degradation abilities for various organic pollutants such as ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, while also showing good synergistic hydrogen production efficiency. Electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments verified that h+, ·O2-, and ·OH were the primary reactive species responsible for IBP degradation. The superior photocatalytic performance of the ZIS/ReS2-1% was mainly attributed to its broad and intense absorption of visible light, effective separation of charge carriers, and enhanced redox capabilities. The degradation pathway of IBP was unveiled through Fukui function and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the toxicity of the degradation intermediates was also examined. In-situ XPS and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the existence of S-scheme heterojunction. This study provided a new pathway for simultaneously achieving organic pollutant treatment and energy conversion.
Atomically Dispersed Co Sites on BiOCl Nanosheets for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction
Ting Peng, Yiduo Wang, Ke Wang, Kaini Zhang, Yiqing Wang, Yufei Xu, Qingqing Guan, Guofu Wang, Wenjie Zhang, Binglan Wu, Shaohua Shen
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.006
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Efficient CO2 photoreduction to produce fuel remains a great challenge, due to the fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and the lack of effective reactive sites in the developed photocatalysts. Herein, single Co atoms (CoSA) were highly dispersed on hydrothermally synthesized BiOCl nanosheets (BOC) by a facile two-step electrostatic self-assembly and pyrolysis method. The obtained CoSA-BOC could be performed for efficient CO2 photoreduction to stoichiometrically produce CO and O2 at the ratio of 2:1, with the CO evolution rate reaching 45.93 μmol g-1 h-1, ~4 times that of the pristine BOC. This distinctly improved photocatalytic performance for CoSA-BOC should be benefited from the introduction of atomically dispersed Co-O4 coordination structures, which could accelerate the migration of photogenerated charge carriers to surface by creating an impurity energy level in the forbidden band, and act as the reactive sites to deliver the photogenerated electrons to activate CO2 molecules for CO production. This work provides a facile and reliable strategy to highly disperse single atoms on low-dimensional semiconductors for efficient CO2 photoreduction to selectively produce CO.
N2 treatment triggered self-reorganization into fully exposed platinum cluster catalysts for efficient low-temperature CO oxidation
Yang Zou, Xue Li, Yongqi Zhao, Xiaolong Liu, Tingyu Zhu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.005
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The development of efficient low-load platinum catalysts for CO oxidation is critical for large-scale industrial applications and environmental protection. In this study, a strategy of N2 treatment triggered the self-reforming into fully exposed Pt cluster catalysts was proposed. By adjusting the coordination environment of Pt species on the defect support through N2 treatment, the CO catalytic activity was significantly enhanced, achieving complete CO oxidation at 130 ℃ with a Pt loading of only 0.1 wt.%. The turnover frequency of N2-treated PtFEC/Ti-D at 160 ℃ was 18.3 times that of untreated PtSA/Ti-D. Comprehensive characterization results indicated that the N2 treatment of the Pt single-atom defect catalyst facilitated the reconfiguration and evolution of the defect structure, leading to the aggregation of Pt single atoms into fully exposed Pt clusters. Notably, these fully exposed Pt clusters exhibited a reduced coordination of Pt-O in the first coordination shell compared to single atoms, which resulted in the formation of Pt-Pt metal coordination. This unique coordination structure enhanced the adsorption and activation of CO and O2 on the catalyst, thereby resulting in exceptional low-temperature CO oxidation activity. This work demonstrates a promising strategy for the design, synthesis, and industrial application of efficient low-platinum load catalysts.
The In-situ Growth of Cu2O-CuO on Cu Foam coated with Carbon Derived from Polydopamine as the Flexible High-Voltage Cathode for Thermal Batteries
Xin-ya Bu, Yan-li Zhu, Ting Quan, Bin-chao Shi, Shu Zhang, Xiao-yu Wei, Qi Xia
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.003
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Thermal batteries are a type of thermally activated reserve batteries, where the cathode material significantly influences the operating voltage and specific capacity. In this work, Cu2O-CuO nanowires are prepared by in-situ thermal oxidation method onto Cu foam, which are further coated with carbon layer derived from polydopamine (PDA). The morphology of the nanowires has been examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The material shows a kind of core-shell structure, with CuO as the shell and Cu2O as the core. To further explore the interaction between the material and lithium-ion (Li+), the Li+ adsorption energies of CuO and Cu2O were calculated, revealing a stronger affinity of Li+ for CuO. The unique core-shell nanowire structure of Cu2O-CuO can provide a good Li+ adsorption with outer layer CuO and excellent structural stability with inner layer Cu2O. When applied in thermal batteries, Cu2O-CuO-C nanowires exhibit specific capacity and specific energy of 326 mAh g-1 and 697 Wh kg-1 at a cut-off voltage of 1.5V, both of which are higher than those of Cu2O-CuO (238 mAh g-1 and 445 Wh kg-1). The discharge process includes the insertion of lithium ions and subsequent reduction reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation of lithium oxide and copper.
Construction of an adsorption-diffusion model reveals the conversion-deposition process of polysulfides
Wenhao Yang, Dan You, Zhicong Ni, Yongshun Liang, Yingjie Zhang, Yunxiao Wang, Qingsong Liu, Xue Li, Yiyong Zhang, Jiajun Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.004
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Despite progress in suppressing polysulfide shuttling, this challenge persists in lithium-sulfur battery commercialization. While existing strategies emphasize polysulfide adsorption and catalytic conversion, the critical role of diffusion kinetics in conversion-deposition processes remains underexplored. We design an MXene-based array architecture integrating 2D structural advantages and strong polysulfide affinity to regulate diffusion pathways. Combined experimental and multiscale computational studies reveal diffusion-mediated conversion-deposition dynamics. The sodium alginate-constructed MXene array enables three synergistic mechanisms: (1) Enhanced ion/electron delocalization reduces diffusion barriers, (2) Continuous ion transport channels facilitate charge transfer, and (3) Exposed polar surfaces promote polysulfide aggregation/conversion. Synchrotron X-ray tomography coupled with comprehensive electrochemical analyses reveals distinct mechanistic differences between conversion and deposition processes arising from diffusion heterogeneity. In situ characterization techniques combined with DFT simulation calculation demonstrate that diffusion kinetics exerts differential regulatory effects on these coupled electrochemical processes, exhibiting particular sensitivity toward the deposition mechanism. This work provides fundamental insights that reshape our understanding of diffusion-mediated phase transformation in complex multi-step electrochemical systems, offering new perspectives for advanced electrode architecture design in next-generation energy storage technologies.
Freestanding and Flexible CNT/Si/Metal Electrodes for High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
Yanbin Wei, Yukang Zhu, Li Wang, Xiangming He
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.001
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In pursuit of meeting the demands for the next generation of high energy density and flexible electronic products, there is a growing interest in flexible energy storage devices. Silicon (Si) stands out as a promising electrode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity (~3579 mA h g-1), low lithiation potential (~0.40 V), and abundance in nature. We have successfully developed freestanding and flexible CNT/Si/low-melting-point metal (LM) electrodes, which obviate the need for conductive additives, adhesives, and thereby increase the energy density of the device. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the CNT/Si/LM electrode demonstrates remarkable cycling stability and rate performance, achieving a reversible capacity of 1871.8 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1. In-situ XRD and in-situ thickness analysis are employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms during the lithiation/delithiation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further substantiate the mechanism by which LM enhances the electrochemical performance of Si, focusing on the aspects of stress mitigation and reduction of the diffusion energy barrier. This research introduces a novel approach to flexible electrode design by integrating CNT films, LM, and Si, thereby charting a path forward for the development of next-generation flexible LIBs.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Plasma-driven Air Oxidation Coupled with Electroreduction Synthesis of Ammonia
Lei Xiao, Shiyong Mou, Xiaoyu Lin, Keying Wu, Siyuan Liu, Weidong Dai, Weiping Yang, Chiyao Tang, Chang Long, Fan Dong
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.009
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Recently, the plasma-driven air oxidation coupled with electrocatalytic NOx reduction reaction (pAO-eNOxRR) technology for sustained NH3 synthesis displays the promise in tackling the high energy-consumption and carbon-emission associated with the Haber-Bosch process. Here, a technical and economic assessment of pAO-eNOxRR technology is comprehensively undertaken to determine its feasibility as a potential substitute for the Haber-Bosch process. The technical assessment suggests that, in terms of both environmental impact and energy efficiency, N2-NO-NH3 and N2-NO2--NH3 are presently the most effective pathways. The deep analysis of the current state-of-the-art technological performance indicates that the pAO-eNOxRR technology is competitive with commercial processes in achieving large-scale NH3 synthesis. However, lower energy efficiency of pAO-eNOxRR technology leads to the high electricity costs that surpass the current market price of NH3. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive analysis which reveals that, for the economic viability of NH3 synthesis, an energy efficiency in the range of 33.8-38.6% must be attained. The expenses associated with plasma equipment, electrolyzer, catalysts, and NH3 distillation also contribute significantly to the economic burden. The further development of pAO-eNOxRR technology should be centered around advancements in plasma catalysts, electrocatalysts, reactors, as well as the exploration for energy-efficient cathode-anode synergistic catalytic systems.
Recent progress on the development of non-fluorinated proton exchange membrane-A review
Peng Song, Yi Zhang, Xue Zhang, Jiaye Liu, Liang Wu, Adrian C. Fisher, Quan-Fu An
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.003
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Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are widely employed in energy conversion and storage devices including fuel cells (FCs), redox flow batteries (RFBs) and PEM water electrolysis (PEMWE). As one of the main components of these devices, a high-performance PEM is always desirable considering the cost challenges from both energy utilization efficiency and production cost. From this century, governments of countries worldwide have introduced PFAS (per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances) restriction related policies, which facilitate the extensive research on non-fluorinated PEMs. Besides, non-fluorinated PEMs become hot topics of all kinds of PEMs due to the advantages including excellent conductivity, high mechanical property, reduced swelling, low cost and reduced ion permeation of electrochemical active species. In this review, various types of non-fluorinated PEMs including main-chain-type hydrocarbon membranes, microphase separation membranes and membranes with rigid-twisted structure are comprehensively summarized. The basic properties of different types of non-fluorinated PEMs including water uptake, swelling ratio, oxidative stability, tensile strength and conductivity are compared and the corresponding application performance in FCs, RFBs and PEMWE are discussed. The state-of-the-art of the structural design in both monomers and polymers are reviewed for the construction of fast ion transport channels and high resistance of free radical attacks. Also, future challenges and possibilities for the development of non-fluorinated PEMs are comprehensively foretasted.
Tailor of frustrated Lewis pairs in Ag/CeO2 for producing 4-aminophenol
Huaiquan Zhao, Hongye Bai, Zhenzhen Huang, Guanhua Wang, Hongliang Dai, Xuliang Pang, Hongping Li, Weiqiang Fan
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.006
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Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) pollutant to the high-value 4-aminophenol (4-AP) with a clean hydrogen donor holds significant importance yet great challenges owing to the difficult activation of nitro and H species. In this work, Ag tailoring Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) of CeO2 (Ag/CeO2) were successfully fabricated for electrochemical reduction reaction of 4-NP (4-NP ERR). As a result, the bond of Ag with O atom changed the state of the Ce–O bond and electron density, where the tailored FLPs were the key factor for enhancing absorption and activation. The reaction rate of Ag/CeO2 reached up to 4.70 μmol·min-1 (Faraday efficiency: 99.5%), which was about four times of CeO2. Additionally, this study delved into the proton-coupled electron processes to further understand the mechanism of 4-NP ERR. Therefore, in this study, we have endeavored to investigate the role of tailored FLPs sites and utilize this structure–function relationship to achieve environmental-friendly chemical synthesis.
Recent progress in hydrophobic pervaporation membranes for phenol recovery
Chao Sang, Chang Liu, Yunpan Ying, Lu Lu, Chenlin Zhang, Jan Baeyens, Zhihao Si, Xinmiao Zhang, Peiyong Qin
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.006
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Phenol is extensively utilized in various industries involving paints, rubber, textiles, explosives, plastics, etc. Compared to the conventional distillation or extraction technologies, pervaporation (PV) membrane process can be operated at a low temperature and has a low energy consumption as well as a high separation efficiency for phenol recovery. Thus, to meet the high demand for phenol recovery, the application of PV has been encouraged, and reached a new height. The PV process is governed by the properties of the membrane materials that significantly influence the energy costs associated with the separation unit, and the membrane types include polymer membranes, inorganic membranes, and mixed matrix membranes. Although recent literatures show that PV membranes are been continuously updated, no review reported the latest development about it. In this work, the material types, separation properties and preparation methods of hydrophobic PV membranes for phenol recovery are summarized. Furthermore, the key preparation methods and application challenges associated with membranes are summarized, along with an overview of the opportunities and challenges posed by hydrophobic PV membranes for phenol recovery.
The crucial role of intrinsic properties in determining the biological effects of CeO2 nanocrystals
Min Sun, Wanqin Dai, Yuhui Ma, Mengyao Liu, Xiao He, Zhuda Song, Yun Wang, Jiaqi Shen, Fang Yang, Zhiyong Zhang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.001
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Nano ceria (nano-CeO2) has been widely applied in various fields of industry and daily life, however, knowledge regarding the biological effects of nano-CeO2 with different intrinsic physicochemical properties remains limited. In this study, we investigated the impact of nano-CeO2 with different properties on the growth of a typical environmental species (romaine lettuce, Lactuca sativa L.) by exposing the plant to four types of CeO2 (rod-like nano-CeO2 (RNC), cubic nano-CeO2 (CNC), spherical nano-CeO2 (SNC) and commercial irregular CeO2 (CIC)) during the germination stage. The results indicated that different types of CeO2 exhibited varying inhibitory effects on plant growth. RNC and SNC significantly inhibited the elongation of roots and shoots, while CNC and CIC did not have a significant impact. We further examined the distribution and biotransformation of the four CeO2 in plant tissues using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Specifically, the positively charged RNC and SNC were more readily adsorbed onto the root surface, and needle-like nanoclusters were deposited in the intercellular space inside the roots. The absolute content of Ce(III) in the roots romaine lettuce was in the order of RNC > SNC >> CNC >> CIC. The size and shape (i.e., exposed crystal surface) of the materials affected their reactivity and dissolution ratios, and zeta potentials affected their bioavailability, both of which influenced the overall contents of Ce3+ ions in plant tissues. Thus, these characteristics together led to different biological effects. These findings highlight the importance of considering the intrinsic properties of nano-CeO2 when assessing their environmental and biological effects.
Photothermal dry reforming of methane reaction over (Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalysts: The Ni content regulation
Xiaoyan Tian, Yu Shi, Jianming Zhang, Fagen Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.008
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Dry reforming of methane (DRM) converts CH4 and CO2 to syngas. Photothermal DRM, which integrates temperature and light, is a sustainable method for storing solar energy in molecules. However, challenges such as limited light absorption, low photocarrier separation efficiency, Ni sintering, and carbon deposition hinder DRM stability. Herein, we regulated Ni contents in (Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalysts to enhance the optical characteristics while addressing Ni sintering and carbon deposition issues. The (3Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalyst had insufficient Ni content, while the (9Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalyst showed excessive carbon deposition, leading to lower stability compared to the (6Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalyst, which achieved CH4 and CO2 rates to 231.0 μmol/(gcat·s) and 294.3 μmol/(gcat·s), respectively, at 973 K, with only 0.2 wt.% carbon deposition and no Ni sintering. This work adjusted Ni contents in (Ni/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2)@SiO2 catalysts to enhance DRM performance, which has implications for improving other reactions.
MOF membrane boosts electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction on perovskite oxides
Tan Zhang, Qi Wang, Yuhan Sun, Jinping Li, Guang Liu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.002
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The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions presents a promising approach for the eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis of ammonia, with a continuous emergence of potential electrocatalysts. However, the low solubility and limited diffusion of N2 significantly hinder the achievement of satisfactory performance. In this context, we report an effective strategy to enhance NRR activity by introducing a metal–organic framework (MOF) membrane, specifically MIL-53(Al), onto a perovskite oxide (LiNbO3), denoted as LN@MIL-X (X = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6). The MIL-53(Al) membrane selectively recognizes and concentrates N2 at the catalyst interface while simultaneously repelling water molecules, thereby inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This ultrathin nanostructure significantly improves the NRR performance of LN@MIL-X compared to pristine LiNbO3. Notably, LN@MIL-0.4 exhibits a maximum NH3 yield of 45.25 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 with an impressive Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 86.41% at -0.45 V versus RHE in 0.1 mol L-1 Na2SO4. This work provides a universal strategy for the design and synthesis of perovskite oxide electrocatalysts, facilitating high-efficiency ammonia synthesis.
MOFs-based porous liquids for CO2 capture and utilization
Xun Wang, Yuxi Liu, Hongxing Dai, Zhen Wei, Shaohua Xie, Jiguang Deng
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.01.002
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Due to the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, much attention has been paid for the removal of CO2. Porous liquids (PLs), as new type of liquid materials, have obvious advantages in mass and heat transfer, which are widely used in gas adsorption and separation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with the merit like large surface area, inherent porous structure and adjustable topology have been considered as one of the best candidates for PLs construction. This review presents the state-of-the-art status on the fabrication strategy of MOFs-based PLs and their CO2 absorption and utilization performance, and the positive effects of porosity and functional modification on the absorption-desorption property, selectivity of target product, and regeneration ability are well summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for MOFs-based PLs in the optimization of preparation, the coupling of multiple removal techniques, the in situ characterization methods, the regeneration and cycle stability, the environmental impact as well as expansion of application are proposed.
Hydrothermal liquefaction for preparation of liquid fuels and chemicals: Solvent effects, catalysts regulation and thermochemical conversion processes
Bingbing Qiu, Xuedong Tao, Yanfang Wang, Donghui Zhang, Huaqiang Chu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.11.009
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Hydrothermal liquefaction technology is an effective method for the resource utilization and energy conversion of biomass under the dual-carbon context, facilitating the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels and high-value chemicals. This paper reviews the latest advancements in the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction. It briefly introduces the effects of different types of biomass, such as organic waste, lignocellulosic materials, and algae, on the conversion efficiency and product yield during hydrothermal liquefaction. The specific mechanisms of solvent and catalyst systems in the hydrothermal liquefaction process are analyzed in detail. Compared to water and organic solvents, the biphasic solvent system yields higher concentrations of furan platform compounds, and the addition of an appropriate amount of NaCl to the solvent significantly enhances product yield. Homogeneous catalysts exhibit advantages in reaction rate and selectivity but are limited by high costs and difficulties in separation and recovery. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts possess good separability and regeneration capabilities and can operate under high-temperature conditions, but their mass transfer efficiency and deactivation issues may affect catalytic performance. The direct hydrothermal catalytic conversion of biomass is also discussed for the efficient production of chemicals and fuels such as hexanol, ethylene glycol, lactic acid, and C5/C6 liquid alkanes. Finally, the advantages and current challenges of producing liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction are thoroughly analyzed, along with potential future research directions.
Heteroatom-Functionalized Carbon Nanoarchitectonics: Unlocking the Doping Effects for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Design
Pragati A. Shinde, Lok Kumar Shrestha, Katsuhiko Ariga
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.007
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This review focuses on the significant impact of heteroatom doping in enhancing the electronic properties and electrochemical performance of carbon materials for supercapacitors (SCs). Incorporating heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, and boron modifies the carbon structure, creating defects and increasing active sites, which improves electronic conductivity, ion accessibility, and surface wettability and reduces ion diffusion barriers. Additionally, certain heteroatoms can participate in electrochemical reactions, further enhancing SC performance. Although research in this area is still emerging, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind single and multi-doping systems is essential for developing next-generation materials. Future strategies for improving heteroatom-doped carbon materials include increasing heteroatom content to enhance specific capacitance, selecting suitable heteroatoms to expand the potential window and improve energy density, utilizing advanced in situ characterization techniques, and exploring the use of these materials in cost-effective SCs. The future potential of heteroatom-doped carbon materials for SCs is promising, with their ability to improve energy density, power density, and cycling stability, making them competitive with other energy storage technologies. These advancements will be key to broadening their practical applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid energy storage, and will contribute to more efficient, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions.
Heavy Metal Challenge in NH3-SCR DeNOx Catalysts: Poisoning Deactivation Mechanisms and Enhanced Resistance Strategies
Yu Xia, Fengyu Gao, Jiajun Wen, Tingkai Xiong, Honghong Yi, Qingjun Yu, Shunzheng Zhao, Yuansong Zhou, Xiaolong Tang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.11.007
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Ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) is the most widely used technology in the field of industrial flue gas denitrification. However, the presence of heavy metals in flue gas can seriously affect the performance of SCR catalysts, leading to their deactivation or even failure. Therefore, it is of great significance to deeply study the poisoning mechanism of SCR catalysts under the action of heavy metals and how to enhance their resistance to poisoning. This article reviews the reaction mechanism of NH3-SCR technology, compares the impact of heavy metals on the activity of different SCR catalysts, and then discusses in detail the poisoning mechanism of SCR catalysts by heavy metals, including pore blockage, reduction of specific surface area, and destruction of active centers caused by heavy metal deposition, all of which jointly lead to the physical or chemical poisoning of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the mechanism of action when multiple toxicants coexist was analyzed. To effectively address these challenges, the article further summarizes various methods to improve the catalyst's resistance to heavy metal poisoning, such as element doping, structural optimization, and carrier addition, which significantly enhance the heavy metal resistance of the catalyst. Finally, the article provides a prospective analysis of the challenges faced by NH3-SCR catalysts in anti-heavy metal poisoning technology, emphasizing the necessity of in-depth research on the poisoning mechanism, exploration of the mechanism of synergistic action of multiple pollutants, development of comprehensive anti-poisoning strategies, and research on catalyst regeneration technology, in order to promote the development of efficient anti-heavy metal poisoning NH3-SCR catalysts.
Oxidation Mechanism and Performance Control of Manganese-Based Catalysts in Soot Oxidation
Tingyi Zhao, Yuanjun Li, Chengchun Wu, Wen Cao, Jiahao Gong, Menglan Xiao, Zuguo Song, Zhihui Shao, Mingqin Zhao, Bing Cui
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.12.004
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The extensive use of diesel engines has led to significant emissions of pollutants, especially soot particles, which pose serious risks to both the environment and human health. At present, developing catalysts with low-temperature activity, low cost, and high stability remains the core challenge in eliminating soot from diesel engine exhaust. This paper first reviews the mechanisms of soot catalytic oxidation. Based on these mechanisms, the current design directions for soot catalysts are summarized and discussed. On the one hand, the effects of modification methods such as doping, loading, and solid solution on the performance of manganese-based catalysts are reviewed from the perspective of intrinsic activity. On the other hand, the research progress on manganese-based catalysts with specific morphological structures for soot oxidation is explored. Following the identification of design strategies, the commonly used preparation methods to achieve these designs are also outlined. Finally, the paper highlights the challenges associated with manganese-based catalysts in soot catalysis and discusses future research and development directions.
In situ converting the native passivation layer into a fast ion transport interphase to boost the stability of zinc anodes
Zi-Long Xie, Yunhai Zhu, Jia-Yi Du, Dong-Yue Yang, Hao Chen, Zhi Wang, Gang Huang, Xin-Bo Zhang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.004
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Aqueous zinc batteries offer significant potential for large-scale energy storage, wearable devices, and medium-to low-speed transportation due to their safety, affordability, and environmental friendliness. However, the uneven zinc deposition at the anode side caused by localized reaction activity from the passivation layer presents challenges that significantly impact the battery's stability and lifespan. In this study, we have proposed an expandable and maneuverable gel sustained-release (GSR) treatment to polish the Zn metal, which in situ converts its native passivation layer into a composite interphase layer with nanocrystal zinc phosphate and flexible polyvinyl alcohol. Such a thin and uniform interface contributes to fast and homogeneous Zn ion transport and improved anti-corrosion ability, enabling uniform zinc deposition without dendrite growth and thereby improving the battery performance with high-rate ability and long cycle life. This GSR treatment method, characterized by its simplicity, low cost, and universality, facilitates the widespread application of aqueous zinc batteries.
Progress and prospect of transition metal compound cathode materials with stable metal ion storage effect in various battery systems
Dongfang Guo, Bin Zhang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.001
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The field of energy storage devices is primarily dominated by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their mature manufacturing processes and stable performance. However, immature lithium recovery technology cannot stop the continuous increase in the cost of LIBs. Along with the rapid development of electric transportation, it has become inevitable to trigger a new round of competition in alternative energy storage systems. Some monovalent rechargeable metal ion batteries (sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium ion batteries (PIBs), etc.) and multivalent rechargeable metal-ion batteries (magnesium ion batteries (MIBs), calcium ion batteries (CIBs), zinc ion batteries (ZIBs), and aluminum ion batteries (AIBs), etc.) are potential candidates, which can replace LIBs in some of the scenarios to alleviate the pressure on supply. The cathode material plays a crucial role in determining the battery capacity. Transition metal compounds dominated by layered transition metal oxides as key cathode materials for secondary batteries play an important role in the advancement of various battery energy storage systems. In summary, this manuscript aims to review and summarize the research progress on transition metal compounds used as cathodes in different metal ion batteries, with the aim of providing valuable guidance for the exploration and design of high-performance integrated battery systems.
Recent advances in cellulose-based separators for zinc-based batteries: performances, mechanism and perspectives
Zekun Zhang, Yongjun Li, Xuejing Yin, Siwen Li, Bin Li, Ningning Zhao, Jing Zhu, Lei Dai, Ling Wang, Zhangxing He, Zemin Feng
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.010
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Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety, notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance, etc. However, the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters significant challenges, including the formation of zinc dendrites and irreversible side reactions. Separators are vital in batteries due to its role in preventing electrode contact and facilitating rapid movement of ions within the electrolyte. The incorporation of cellulose in battery enables uniform ion transport and a stable electric field, attributed to its excellent hydrophilicity, strong mechanical strength, and abundant active sites. Herein, the latest research progress of cellulose-based separators on various zinc-based batteries is systematically summarized. To begin with, the accomplishments and inherent limitations of traditional separators are clarified. Next, it underscores the advantages of cellulose-based materials in battery technology, thoroughly examining their utilization and merits as separators in zinc-based batteries. Lastly, the review offers prospective insights into the future trajectory of cellulose-based separators in zinc-based batteries. Through a comprehensive analysis of the present landscape, the review establishes a framework for the future design and enhancement of cellulose-based separators, thereby fostering the progression of associated industries.
Multicomponent high-entropy assisted high-rate and air-stable layered cathode for sodium ion batteries
Renyi Ma, Jiaqi Wang, Guohua Zhu, Yongguang Liu, Ling Wang, Xiaoyan Zhang, Linzhe Wang, Lei Dai, Shan Liu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.008
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Sodium-based O3-type layered oxide materials are attractive for Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their simple synthesis, affordability, and high capacity. However, challenges remain, including limited reversible capacity and poor cycling stability caused by detrimental phase transitions during cycling and the tendency to form sodium carbonate upon air exposure. In this study, based on O3-type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NNFM), a high-entropy strategy was introduced to successfully synthesize O3-type NaNi0.25Fe0.21Mn0.18Co0.21Ti0.1Mg0.05O2 (HE-NNFM). The introduction of Co, Ti, and Mg ions increases the system's disorder, highlighting the synergistic interactions among inert atoms. The delayed phase transformation effect in high-entropy materials alleviates the destruction of the O3 structure by the insertion and extraction of sodium ions. Simultaneously, the narrower sodium layer in HE-NNFM acts as a physical barrier, effectively preventing adverse reactions with H2O and CO2 in the air, resulting in excellent reversibility and air stability of the HE-NNFM material. Consequently, the HE-NNFM material exhibits a reversible capacity of 110 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of 97.3% after 200 cycles at 1 C. This work provides insights into the design of high-entropy sodium layered oxides for high-power density storage systems.
Environmentally benign process for valorization of lignocellulosic bamboo residues with green solvent propylene carbonate
Jie Liang, Jingcong Xie, Jianchun Jiang, Yan Ma, Jun Ye, Xianhai Zeng, Kui Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.002
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A novel environmentally benign biphasic system composed of propylene carbonate (PC) and aqueous solution of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH aq) was designed for the efficient valorization of lignocellulosic bamboo residues, resulting in more than 95.5% of hemicellulose and 97.2% of lignin digested under mild conditions of 130 °C for 1 h. Meanwhile, 91.9% of cellulose was retained with loose structure, followed by 95.8% enzyme hydrolysis yield and 347.9 mg/g of glucose yield. Notably, the synergistic effect between PC and p-TsOH on efficiency and selectivity was proposed by a control group experiment and subsequently verified, which is believed to be responsible for the simultaneous degradation and separation of lignin and hemicelluloses into oligomeric phenols and pentose, also facilitating subsequent valorization. Furthermore, the novel PC/p-TsOH aq biphasic system demonstrated excellent retrievability and adaptability to different feedstocks, offering a promising green strategy for the efficient valorization of lignocellulosic biomass in industrial biorefineries.
Limiting cationic mixing and lattice oxygen loss of single-crystalline Ni-rich Co-poor cathodes for high-voltage Li-ion batteries
Hujun Zhang, Haifeng Yu, Ling Chen, Muslum Demir, Qilin Cheng, Hao Jiang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.004
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Developing cost-effective single-crystalline Ni-rich Co-poor cathodes operating at high-voltage is one of the most important ways to achieve higher energy Li-ion batteries. However, the Li/O loss and Li/Ni mixing under high-temperature lithiation result in electrochemical kinetic hysteresis and structural instability. Herein, we report a highly-ordered single-crystalline LiNi0.85Co0.05Mn0.10O2 (NCM85) cathode by doping K+ and F- ions. To be specific, the K-ion as a fluxing agent can remarkably decrease the solid-state lithiation temperature by ∼30 °C, leading to less Li/Ni mixing and oxygen vacancy. Meanwhile, the strong transitional metal (TM)-F bonds are helpful for enhancing de-/lithiation kinetics and limiting the lattice oxygen escape even at 4.5 V high-voltage. Their advantages synergistically endow the single-crystalline NCM85 cathode with a very high reversible capacity of 222.3 mAh g-1. A superior capacity retention of 91.3% is obtained after 500 times at 1 C in pouch-type full cells, and a prediction value of 75.3% is given after cycling for 5000 h. These findings are reckoned to expedite the exploitation and application of high-voltage single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries.
Highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic degradation for ciprofloxacin with a new polyoxometalate-based metal–organic hybrid/BiVO4 photoanode
Yuting Song, Tao Bo, Ji-Cheng Ma, Jian-Fang Ma
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.01.007
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Efficient removal of antibiotics is of great significance for the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. In this work, a new polyoxometalate-based metal–organic hybrid material [Ag3L0.5(HSiW12O40)]·2C2H5OH·2CH3CN ( Ag-L-SiW 12) was prepared by using Keggin-type polyoxometalate anion and thiacalix[4]arene-based ligand (L) via solvothermal method. Subsequently, a composite heterojunction Ag-L-SiW 12@BiVO4 photoanode was fabricated by loading Ag-L-SiW 12 on the surface of BiVO4. The photoelectrocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was explored under the simulated solar radiation. Remarkably, the CIP degradation efficiency reached 93% within 240 min using the optimal Ag-L-SiW @BiVO4 photoanode, which is approximately 2 and 23 times those of pristine BiVO4 and Ag-L-SiW 12, respectively. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to elucidate the role of Ag-L-SiW 12 during the photoelectrocatalytic process. This work offers an example of the efficient composite photoelectrocatalysts for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
Construction of imidazole-based ionic liquid modified MoO3-x for enhancing photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization in diesel
Suhang Xun, Chenchao Hu, Bohan Yang, Wei Jiang, Minqiang He, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.005
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Development of clean desulfurization process that combines both efficient and environmentally friendly remains a significant challenge for diesel production. The photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization technology is regarded as a promising process depending on the superior electron transfer and visible light utilization of photocatalyst. Herein, the nonstoichiometry MoO3-x with outstanding photoresponse ability is prepared and modified by imidazole-based ionic liquid [C12mim]Cl to upgrade electronic structure. The interface H-bonding between MoO3-x and [C12mim]Cl regard as electronic transfer channel and the recombination of e--h+ pairs is effectively inhibited with the modification of [C12mim]Cl. Deep desulfurization rate of 96.6 % can be reached within 60 min and the MoO3-x/[C12mim]Cl (MoC12) photocatalyst demonstrated outstanding cyclic stability within 7 cycles in an extraction coupled photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization (ECPODS) system. The study provides a new perspective on enhancing photocatalytic desulfurization through defect engineering and surface modification.
Advances in Cu-based catalysts for electroreduction of CO2 to C2H4 in flow cells
Yunxia Zhao, Yunxin Dai, Yunfei Bu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.01.003
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Global investment in ethylene (C2H4) production via nonpetroleum pathways is rising, highlighting its growing importance in the energy and environmental sectors. The electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to C2H4 in flow cells is emerging as a promising technology with broad practical applications. Direct delivery of gaseous CO2 to the cathode catalyst layer overcomes mass transfer limitations, enhancing reaction rates and enabling high current density. This review summarizes recent research progress in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) for selective C2H4 production in flow cells. It outlines the principles of eCO2RR to C2H4 and discusses the influence of copper-based catalyst morphology, crystal facet, oxidation state, surface modification strategy, and synergistic effects on catalytic performance. In addition, it highlights the compositional structure of the flow cell, and the selection and optimization of operating conditions, including gas diffusion electrodes, electrolytes, ion exchange membranes, and alternative anode reaction types beyond the oxygen evolution reaction. Finally, advances in machine learning are presented for accelerating catalyst screening and predicting dynamic changes in catalysts during reduction. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable reference for the development of efficient catalysts and the construction of electrolytic devices for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to C2H4.
Advanced microwave synthesis strategies for innovative photocatalyst design
Shunda Li, Hao Ma, Ping Ouyang, Yuhan Li, Youyu Duan, Yunqiao Zhou, Wee-Jun Ong, Fan Dong
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.11.005
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Amidst environmental pollution and the energy crisis, photocatalytic technology has emerged as a potent tool for promoting clean energy and environmental preservation. However, the promotion and widespread adoption of photocatalysis encounter the formidable challenge of synthesizing high-quality photocatalysts in a cost-effective and expedited manner. Thus, we have compiled an analysis elucidating the efficacy and heating mechanisms of microwaves, validating their superiority as a heat source. Furthermore, this review presents a comprehensive overview of microwave-assisted synthesis techniques for photocatalysts, marking the inaugural attempt to do so, and extensively discusses the merits of diverse microwave-based preparation methodologies. Moreover, we systematically examine approaches for modifying photocatalysts using microwave-assisted methods, providing insights into their pivotal role in photocatalyst enhancement. We aspire that this review will serve as a seminal reference, facilitating the judicious application of microwave-assisted synthesis techniques for the controlled and efficient production of photocatalysts, thereby advancing the dissemination and adoption of photocatalysis.
Carbon nitride quantum dots decorated with cyano groups for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production
Ke Kong, Hong Zhong, Dejian Chen, Fushuai Zhang, Xiaoju Li, Ruihu Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.01.004
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The photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by graphitic carbon nitride is a sustainable and environment-benign alternative approach of conventional anthraquinone autoxidation technology, but it is great challenges to promote two-electron O2 reduction and water oxidation. Herein, we present the well-dispersed graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots decorated with cyano groups (Na-CNQD and K-CNQD) by thermal polymerization of melamine in the presence of metal fluoride. The quantum confinement and edge effect have endowed the photocatalysts with rich active sites, wide light absorption range and the inhibited charge recombination. The cyano moieties function as O2 reduction centers to accept the photogenerated electrons and facilitate their rapid transfer to O2 molecules. This process enables the selective two-electron reduction of O2, leading to the production of H2O2. Concurrently, the valence band holes on the heptazine moiety oxidize water into H2O2. These synergistic effects promote photocatalytic H2O2 production from O2 and H2O without the need for additional photosensitizers, organic scavengers and co-catalysts. In contrast, pristine carbon nitride nanosheets remain inactive under the same conditions. This study offers new strategies for rational design of carbon-based materials for solar-to-chemical energy conversion.
Activation of persulfate using a biochar polyacrylic acid composite loaded with nanoscale zero-valent iron for the in situ remediation of anthracene-contaminated soil
Fengjun Li, Dongyun Chen, Shihong Dong, Najun Li, Qingfeng Xu, Hua Li, Jianmei Lu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.007
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Synthesizing highly efficient, low toxicity catalysts for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils is crucial. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (n-ZVI) is widely used in the treatment of pollutants due to its high catalytic activity. However, n-ZVI is prone to aggregation and passivation. Therefore, to design an environmentally friendly, efficient, and practical catalyst material, this study designed a nanoscale zero-valent iron-loaded biochar (BC) polyacrylic acid (PAA) composite materials. Biochar and polyacrylic acid can prevent the aggregation of zero-valent iron and provide a large number of functional groups. The iron on the carrier is uniformly distributed, exposing active sites and activating persulfate to remove anthracene (ANT) pollutants from the soil. The BC/PAA/Fe0 system can achieve an anthracene degradation efficiency of 93.7% in soil, and the degradation efficiency of anthracene remains around 90% under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Free radical capture experiments indicate that the degradation of anthracene proceeds through the radical pathways SO4·-, ·OH, O2·- and the non-radical pathway 1O2. In addition, possible degradation pathways for anthracene have been proposed. Plant planting experiments have shown that the catalyst designed in this study has low toxicity and has excellent application prospects in the field of soil remediation.
Ambient temperature catalyzed air-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural via ternary metal and oxygen vacancies
Yunlei Zhang, Yiran Liu, Qinghua Xia, Yao Chen, Lingzhao Kong, Xingchen Yan, Wen Guan, Jianming Pan
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.02.003
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Catalytic oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, an alternative bioplastic monomer to petroleum-derived terephthalic acid), has been identified as an important biomass conversion reaction in bio-based polyester industry. However, it is still challenging to acquire a high FDCA yield from the selective oxidation of HMF at low temperatures. Herein, a ternary metal-based catalyst was prepared by loading AuPdPt noble metal nanoparticles on the oxygen-rich vacancy titanium dioxide layer deposited on natural clay mineral kaolin nanotubes (HNTs), and the catalytic activity was examined for air-oxidation of HMF to FDCA in water at ambient temperature (30 °C). By adjusting the Au/Pd/Pt ratio, a 93.6% FDCA yield was achieved with the optimal Au0.5Pd0.2Pt0.3/TiO2@HNTs catalyst, which revealed an impressive FDCA formation rate of 67.58 mmol g-1 h-1 and an excellent TOF value of 17.54 h-1 under normal air pressure at 30 °C, surpassing the performance of mono- and bimetallic-based catalysts. Theoretical calculation and catalytic performance study clarified the structure–activity relationship. It was found that the ternary metal and oxygen vacancies revealing synergistic enhancement of ambient temperature catalyzed HMF air-oxidation via electronic structure tuning and adsorption intensification. DFT and kinetics study demonstrated that the presence of ternary metal significantly improved the adsorption capacity of substrate and enhanced the rate-determining step of the key intermediate 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furanocarboxylic acid (HMFCA) oxidation when compared to mono- and bimetal. Additionally, the TiO2@HNTs support with high oxygen vacancy concentration facilitated the adsorption of oxygen, synergistically working with the ternary metal to activate and low the energy barriers for the generation of superoxide radical, thus enhancing the FDCA formation. This work offers a novel strategy for designing ternary metal-based catalysts for low-energy catalytic oxidation reactions.
Constructing multiple sites porous organic polymers for highly efficient and reversible adsorption of triiodide ion from water
Zhiyong Li, Yibo Fu, Yilong Li, Ruipeng Li, Yuanchao Pei, Yunlei Shi, Huiyong Wang
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.03.005
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The utilization of nuclear power will persist as a prominent energy source in the foreseeable future. However, it presents substantial challenges concerning waste disposal and the potential emission of untreated radioactive substances, such as radioactive 129I and 131I. The transportation of radioactive iodine poses a significant threat to both the environment and human health. Nevertheless, effectively, rapidly removing iodine ion from water using porous adsorbents remains a crucial challenge. In this work, three kinds of multiple sites porous organic polymers (POPs, POP-1, POP-2, and POP-3) have been developed using a monomer pre-modification strategy for highly efficient and fast I3- absorption from water. It is found that the POPs exhibited exceptional performance in terms of I3- adsorption, achieving a top-performing adsorption capacity of 5.25 g·g-1 and the fastest average adsorption rate (K80% = 4.25 g·g-1·h-1) with POP-1. Moreover, POP-1 exhibited exceptional capacity for the removal of I3- from flowing aqueous solutions, with 95% removal efficiency observed even at 0.0005 mol·L-1. Such results indicate that this material has the potential to be utilized for the emergency preparation of potable water in areas contaminated with radioactive iodine. The adsorption process can be effectively characterized by the Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order model. The exceptional I3- absorption capacity is primarily attributed to the incorporation of a substantial number of active adsorption sites, including bromine, carbonyl, and amide groups.
Valorization of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for energy conversion reactions
Jin Zhang, Ding Chen, Jixiang Jiao, Weihao Zeng, Shichun Mu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.006
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With large-scale commercial applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lots of spent LIBs will be produced and cause huge waste of resources and greatly increased environmental problems. Thus, recycling spent LIB materials is inevitable. Due to high added-value features, converting spent LIB cathode materials into catalysts exhibits broad application prospects. Inspired by this, we review the high-added-value reutilization of spent LIB materials toward catalysts of energy conversion. First, the failure mechanism of spent LIB cathode materials are discussed, and then the transformation and modification strategies are summarized and analyzed to improve the transformation efficiency of failed cathode materials and the catalytic performance of catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical applications of failed cathode material derived catalysts are introduced, and the key problems and countermeasures are analyzed and proposed. Finally, the future development trend and prospect of high-added-value reutilization for spent LIB cathode materials toward catalysts are also given. This review will predictably advance the awareness of valorizing spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for catalysis.
Dual-bonded Polyethyleneimine Network with Electron-withdrawing Groups at α, β-sites for Ultra-stable and Low-energy CO2 Capture in Harsh Environments
Tong Zhou, Yunxia Wen, Zhinan Wu, Shuailong Song, Bohong Wu, Hongwei Guo, Huanhao Chen, Xin Feng, Liwen Mu, Xiaohua Lu, Tuo Ji, Jiahua Zhu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.005.
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As an innovative approach to addressing climate change, significant efforts have been dedicated to the development of amine sorbents for CO2 capture. However, the high energy requirements and limited lifespan of these sorbents, such as oxidative and water stability, pose significant challenges to their widespread commercial adoption. Moreover, the understanding of the relationship between adsorption energy and adsorption sites is not known. In this work, a dual-bond strategy was used to create novel secondary amine structures by a polyethyleneimine (PEI) network with electron-extracted (EE) amine sites at adjacent sites, thereby weakening the CO2 binding energy while maintaining the binding ability. In-situ FT-IR and DFT demonstrated the oxygen-containing functional groups adjacent to the amino group withdraw electrons from the N atom, thereby reducing the CO2 adsorption capacity of the secondary amine, resulting in lower regeneration energy consumption of 1.39 GJ·t-1-CO2. In addition, the EE sorbents demonstrated remarkable performance with retention of over 90% of their working capacity after 100 cycles, even under harsh conditions containing 10% O2 and 20% H2O. DFT calculations were employed to clarify for the first time the mechanism that the oxygen functional group at the α-site hinders the formation of the urea structure, thereby being an antioxidant. These findings highlight the promising potential of such sorbents for deployment in various CO2 emission scenarios, irrespective of environmental conditions.
Heterointerface of Nickel-ferric Hydroxide/Cobalt-phosphide-boride Boosting Hydrazine-assisted Water Electrolysis
Jiayi Wang, Shaojun Qing, Xili Tong, Ting Xiang, Guangnan Luo, Kun Zhang, Liangji Xu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.003
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Sustainable H2 production based on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) has attracted wide attention due to minimal energy consumption compared to overall water electrolysis. The present study focuses on the design and construction of heterostructured CoPB@NiFe-OH applied as efficient bifunctional catalysts to sustainable produce hydrogen and remove hydrazine in alkaline media. Impressively, CoPB@NiFe-OH heterointerface exhibits an HzOR potential of -135 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 when the P to B atom ratio was 0.2, simultaneously an HER potential of -32 mV toward HER when the atom ratio of P and B was 0.5. Thus, hydrogen production without an outer voltage accompanied by a small current density output of 25 mA cm-2 is achieved, surpassing most reported catalysts. In addition, DFT calculations demonstrate the Co sites in CoPB upgrades H* adsorption, while the Ni sites in NiFe-OH optimizes the adsorption energy of N2H4* due to electron transfer from CoPB to NiFeOH at the heterointerface, ultimately leading to exceptional wonderful performance in hydrazine-assistant water electrolysis via HER coupled with HzOR.
Fe-O-Bi efficient electron transfer channels and photo-Fenton synergy in S-scheme heterojunctions: insights into interfacial interactions and ofloxacin degradation
Jiawei Liu, Jun Shi, Huiping Deng
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.09.008
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Fenton method combined with light to accelerate the production of free radicals from H2O2 can achieve more efficient pollutant degradation. In this paper, a novel BiOI/FeWO4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was obtained by in situ synthesis, which can activate H2O2 and degrade the organic pollutant OFC (ofloxacin) under visible light. The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism was confirmed by XPS spectroscopy, in situ KPFM and theoretical calculation. The photogenerated electrons were transferred from FeWO4 to BiOI driven by the built-in electric field and band bending, which inhibited carrier recombination and facilitated the activation of H2O2.The BiFe-5/Vis/H2O2 system degraded OFC up to 96.4% in 60 min. This study provides new systematic insights into the activation of H2O2 by S-scheme heterojunctions, which is of great significance for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
Recent progress in carbon-based composite materials for advanced sodium ion batteries: from storage mechanism to structural design to applications as flexible electrodes
Ao Song, Yunchao Li, Dingkun Yuan, Jie Wu, Hailin Gu, Guangxue Zhang, Angjian Wu, Jiangrong Xu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.09.007
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Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently. Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price. However, pure carbon materials still have the disadvantage of low theoretical capacity. New design and preparation strategies for carbon-based composites can overcome the problems. Based on the analysis of Na+ storage mechanism of carbon-based composite materials, the factors influencing the performance of SIBs are discussed. Adjustment methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes are evaluated in detail, including carbon skeleton design and composite material selection. Some advanced composite materials, i.e., carbon-conversion composite and carbon-MXene composite, are also being explored. New advances in flexible electrodes based on carbon-based composite on flexible SIBs is investigated. The existing issues and future issues of carbon-based composite materials are discussed.
Cyclic Ethers-Based Solid Electrolyte Derived from In Situ Ring-Opening Polymerization Strategy
Wubin Du, Yong Wu, Hao Cheng, Ran Bu, Kang Shen, Yuanzhong Tan, Zhijun Wu, Hongge Pan, Yifan Wang, Yingying Lu
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.09.005
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Although solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are expected to solve the safety hazards and limited energy density in the energy storage systems, they still encounter an inferior electrode/electrolyte interface when prepared via an ex situ manner. Recently, in situ polymerization of SPEs favors high interfacial infiltrability, improved interface contact, and reduced interface resistance, owing to the formation of a "super-conformal" interface between electrode and electrolyte. Especially, in situ strategies employing ring-opening polymerization (ROP) are emerging as a dazzling star, further enabling moderate polymerization conditions, controllable molecular structure, and reduced interfacial side reaction. As the main monomers which can be in situ polymerized via ROP strategy, cyclic ethers have been used to construct the CE-SPEs with many merits including good battery electrochemical performances and simple assembly process. Here, as a systematic summarization to the existing reports, this review focuses the polymerization mechanism of ROP, the design principles of CE-SPEs electrolytes, and recent application of in situ CE-SPEs. In particular, this review thoroughly discusses the selection of different cyclic monomers, initiators and various modification approaches in in situ fabricating CE-SPEs. Ending with offering the future challenges and perspectives, this review envisions shedding light on the profound understanding and scientific guidance for further development of high-performance in situ CE-SPEs.
Recent progress on photothermal nanomaterials: Design, mechanism, and applications
Xiao Yu, Shilin Fan, Bin Zhu, Soliman I. El-Hout, Jian Zhang, Chunlin Chen
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.09.002
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Photothermal energy conversion represents a cornerstone process in the renewable energy technologies domain, enabling the capture of solar irradiance and its subsequent transformation into thermal energy. This mechanism is paramount across many applications, facilitating the exploitation of solar energy for different purposes. The photothermal conversion efficiency and applications are fundamentally contingent upon the characteristics and performance of the materials employed. Consequently, deploying high-caliber materials is essential for optimizing energy capture and utilization. Within this context, photothermal nanomaterials have emerged as pivotal components in various applications, ranging from catalysis and sterilization to medical therapy, desalination, and electric power generation via the photothermal conversion effect.
This review endeavors to encapsulate the current research landscape, delineating both the developmental trajectories and application horizons of photothermal conversion materials. It aims to furnish a detailed exposition of the mechanisms underlying photothermal conversion across various materials, shedding light on the principles guiding the design of photothermal nanomaterials. Furthermore, addressing the prevailing challenges and outlooks within the field elucidates potential avenues for future research and identifying priority areas. This review aspires to enrich the understanding of photothermal materials within the framework of energy conversion, offering novel insights and fostering a more profound comprehension of their role and potential in harnessing solar energy.
Construction of two-dimensional heterojunctions based on metal-free semiconductor materials and Covalent Organic Frameworks for exceptional solar energy catalysis
Haijun Hu, Daming Feng, Kailai Zhang, Hui Li, Hongge Pan, Hongwei Huang, Xiaodong Sun, Tianyi Ma
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.09.001
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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are newly developed crystalline substances that are garnering growing interest because of their ultra-high porosity, crystalline nature, and easy modified architecture, showing promise in the field of photocatalysis. However, it is difficult for pure COFs materials to achieve excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production due to their severe carrier recombination problems. To mitigate this crucial issue, establishing heterojunction is deemed an effective approach. Nonetheless, many of the metal-containing materials that have been used to construct heterojunctions with COFs own a number of drawbacks, including small specific surface area and rare active sites (for inorganic semiconductor materials), wider bandgaps and higher preparation costs (for MOFs). Therefore, it is necessary to choose metal-free materials that are easy to prepare. Red phosphorus (RP), as a semiconductor material without metal components, with suitable bandgap, moderate redox potential, relatively minimal toxicity, is affordable and readily available. Herein, a range of RP/TpPa-1-COF (RP/TP1C) composites have been successfully prepared through solvothermal method. The two-dimensional structure of the two materials causes strong interactions between the materials, and the construction of heterojunctions effectively inhibits the recombination of photogenic charge carrier. As a consequence, the 9% RP/TP1C composite, with the optimal photocatalytic ability, achieves a photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 6.93 mmol·g-1·h-1, demonstrating a 10.19-fold increase compared to that of bare RP and a 4.08-fold improvement over that of pure TP1C. This article offers a novel and innovative method for the advancement of efficient COFs-based photocatalysts.
2D/2D homojunction-mediated charge separation: Synergistic effect of crystalline C3N5 and g-C3N4 via electrostatic self-assembly for photocatalytic hydrogen and benzaldehyde production
Sue-Faye Ng, Joel Jie Foo, Peipei Zhang, Steven Hao Wan Kok, Lling-Lling Tan, Binghui Chen, Wee-Jun Ong
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.06.008
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Homojunction engineering is a promising modification strategy to improve charge carrier separation and photocatalytic performance of carbon nitrides. Leveraging intrinsic heptazine/triazine phase and face-to-face contact, crystalline C3N5 (CC3N5) was combined with protonated g-C3N4 (pgCN) through electrostatic self-assembly to achieve robust 2D/2D homojunction interfaces. The highest photocatalytic performance was obtained through crystallinity and homojunction engineering, by controlling the pgCN:CC3N5 ratio. The 25:100 pgCN:CC3N5 homojunction (25CgCN) had the highest hydrogen production (1409.51 µmol h-1) and apparent quantum efficiency (25.04%, 420 nm), 8-fold and 180-fold higher than CC3N5 and pgCN, respectively. This photocatalytic homojunction improves benzaldehyde and hydrogen production activity, retaining 89% performance after 3 cycles (12 h ) on a 3D-printed substrate. Electron paramagnetic resonance demonstrated higher ·OH-, ·O2- and hole production of irradiated 25CgCN, attributed to crystallinity and homojunction interaction. Thus, electrostatic self-assembly to couple CC3N5 and pgCN in a 2D/2D homojunction interface ameliorates the performance of multifunctional solar-driven applications.
Potassium-doped hydrated manganese dioxide nanowires-carbon nanotube on graphene for high performance rechargeable zinc-ion battery
Ting-Hao Xu, Sin Liou, Fan-Lin Hou, Yuan-Yao Li
, Available online  , doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2021.10.006
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Aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion battery (ARZIB) is a great candidate for the next generation battery due to its high safety, low cost, and relatively high capacity. Here, we develop hydrated and potassium-doped manganese dioxide (MO) nanowires mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNT) on graphene substrates (hydrated KMO-CNT/graphene) for ARZIB. A simple polyol process (poly(ethyl glycol), KMnO4, CNTs, and graphene) is conducted to form the hydrated KMO-CNT/graphene. MnO2 nanowires with diameters of 15–25 nm have a high specific capacity with a short diffusion path. The intercalated K ions and hydrates in the layered MnO2 nanowires remain the MO structure during the charge and discharge process, while carbon nanomaterials (CNTs and graphene) enhance the conductivity of the materials. As a result, the hydrated KMOCNT/graphene demonstrates a good ARZIB performance. A high capacity of 359.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 can be achieved while, at a high current density of 3.0 A g-1, the capacity of 129 mAh g-1 can be obtained with 77% retention after 1000 cycles.

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