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Constructing S-scheme 3D Zn3In2S6/ReS2 heterojunction photocatalyst for simultaneous organic pollutants degradation and hydrogen production
Qi Gao, Tiantian Wang, Liangmeng Ni, Zhenrui Li, Xia Du, Shaowen Rong, Hui Wang, Liquan Jing, Zhijia Liu, Jinguang Hu
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.007
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Abstract:
Controlling efficient interfacial charge transfer is crucial for developing advanced photocatalysts. This study successfully developed a bifunctional photocatalyst with an S-scheme heterojunction by incorporating ReS2 into the Zn3In2S6 (ZIS) nanoflower structure, enabling the organic pollutants degradation and synergistic hydrogen production. The optimized ZIS/ReS2-1% exhibited exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, reaching a 97.7% degradation rate of ibuprofen (IBP) within 2 h, along with a hydrogen generation rate of 1.84 mmol/g/h. The degradation efficiency and hydrogen generation rate were 1.78 and 5.75 times greater than that of Zn3In2S6, respectively. Moreover, ZIS/ReS2-1% demonstrated excellent catalytic degradation abilities for various organic pollutants such as ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, while also showing good synergistic hydrogen production efficiency. Electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments verified that h+, ·O2-, and ·OH were the primary reactive species responsible for IBP degradation. The superior photocatalytic performance of the ZIS/ReS2-1% was mainly attributed to its broad and intense absorption of visible light, effective separation of charge carriers, and enhanced redox capabilities. The degradation pathway of IBP was unveiled through Fukui function and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the toxicity of the degradation intermediates was also examined. In-situ XPS and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the existence of S-scheme heterojunction. This study provided a new pathway for simultaneously achieving organic pollutant treatment and energy conversion.
Atomically Dispersed Co Sites on BiOCl Nanosheets for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction
Ting Peng, Yiduo Wang, Ke Wang, Kaini Zhang, Yiqing Wang, Yufei Xu, Qingqing Guan, Guofu Wang, Wenjie Zhang, Binglan Wu, Shaohua Shen
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.006
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Abstract:
Efficient CO2 photoreduction to produce fuel remains a great challenge, due to the fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and the lack of effective reactive sites in the developed photocatalysts. Herein, single Co atoms (CoSA) were highly dispersed on hydrothermally synthesized BiOCl nanosheets (BOC) by a facile two-step electrostatic self-assembly and pyrolysis method. The obtained CoSA-BOC could be performed for efficient CO2 photoreduction to stoichiometrically produce CO and O2 at the ratio of 2:1, with the CO evolution rate reaching 45.93 μmol g-1 h-1, ~4 times that of the pristine BOC. This distinctly improved photocatalytic performance for CoSA-BOC should be benefited from the introduction of atomically dispersed Co-O4 coordination structures, which could accelerate the migration of photogenerated charge carriers to surface by creating an impurity energy level in the forbidden band, and act as the reactive sites to deliver the photogenerated electrons to activate CO2 molecules for CO production. This work provides a facile and reliable strategy to highly disperse single atoms on low-dimensional semiconductors for efficient CO2 photoreduction to selectively produce CO.
N2 treatment triggered self-reorganization into fully exposed platinum cluster catalysts for efficient low-temperature CO oxidation
Yang Zou, Xue Li, Yongqi Zhao, Xiaolong Liu, Tingyu Zhu
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.005
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Abstract:
The development of efficient low-load platinum catalysts for CO oxidation is critical for large-scale industrial applications and environmental protection. In this study, a strategy of N2 treatment triggered the self-reforming into fully exposed Pt cluster catalysts was proposed. By adjusting the coordination environment of Pt species on the defect support through N2 treatment, the CO catalytic activity was significantly enhanced, achieving complete CO oxidation at 130 ℃ with a Pt loading of only 0.1 wt.%. The turnover frequency of N2-treated PtFEC/Ti-D at 160 ℃ was 18.3 times that of untreated PtSA/Ti-D. Comprehensive characterization results indicated that the N2 treatment of the Pt single-atom defect catalyst facilitated the reconfiguration and evolution of the defect structure, leading to the aggregation of Pt single atoms into fully exposed Pt clusters. Notably, these fully exposed Pt clusters exhibited a reduced coordination of Pt-O in the first coordination shell compared to single atoms, which resulted in the formation of Pt-Pt metal coordination. This unique coordination structure enhanced the adsorption and activation of CO and O2 on the catalyst, thereby resulting in exceptional low-temperature CO oxidation activity. This work demonstrates a promising strategy for the design, synthesis, and industrial application of efficient low-platinum load catalysts.
The In-situ Growth of Cu2O-CuO on Cu Foam coated with Carbon Derived from Polydopamine as the Flexible High-Voltage Cathode for Thermal Batteries
Xin-ya Bu, Yan-li Zhu, Ting Quan, Bin-chao Shi, Shu Zhang, Xiao-yu Wei, Qi Xia
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.04.003
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Abstract:
Thermal batteries are a type of thermally activated reserve batteries, where the cathode material significantly influences the operating voltage and specific capacity. In this work, Cu2O-CuO nanowires are prepared by in-situ thermal oxidation method onto Cu foam, which are further coated with carbon layer derived from polydopamine (PDA). The morphology of the nanowires has been examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The material shows a kind of core-shell structure, with CuO as the shell and Cu2O as the core. To further explore the interaction between the material and lithium-ion (Li+), the Li+ adsorption energies of CuO and Cu2O were calculated, revealing a stronger affinity of Li+ for CuO. The unique core-shell nanowire structure of Cu2O-CuO can provide a good Li+ adsorption with outer layer CuO and excellent structural stability with inner layer Cu2O. When applied in thermal batteries, Cu2O-CuO-C nanowires exhibit specific capacity and specific energy of 326 mAh g-1 and 697 Wh kg-1 at a cut-off voltage of 1.5V, both of which are higher than those of Cu2O-CuO (238 mAh g-1 and 445 Wh kg-1). The discharge process includes the insertion of lithium ions and subsequent reduction reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation of lithium oxide and copper.
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Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels
Weiping Deng, Yunchao Feng, Jie Fu, Haiwei Guo, Yong Guo, Buxing Han, Zhicheng Jiang, Lingzhao Kong, Changzhi Li, Haichao Liu, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Puning Ren, Feng Wang, Shuai Wang, Yanqin Wang, Ye Wang, Sie Shing Wong, Kai Yan, Ning Yan, Xiaofei Yang, Yuanbao Zhang, Zhanrong Zhang, Xianhai Zeng, Hui Zhou
2023, 8(1): 10-114.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.07.003
[Abstract](1184) [PDF 23019KB](91)
摘要:
In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future, lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels. Following a brief introduction on the structure, major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass, the catalytic conversion of three main components, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, into various compounds are comprehensively discussed. Either in separate steps or in one-pot, cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF, furfural, polyols, and organic acids, or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids. On the other hand, lignin is first depolymerized into phenols, catechols, guaiacols, aldehydes and ketones, and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels, bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds. The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification, catalytic pyrolysis, as well as emerging strategies. Finally, opportunities, challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.
Application of deep eutectic solvents in biomass pretreatment and conversion
Yu Chen, Tiancheng Mu
2019, 4(2): 95-115.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.01.012
[Abstract](743) [FullText HTML](315) [PDF 3331KB](117)
摘要:
Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials, energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility, which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs: (1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass; (2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass; (3) DESs for biomass conversion; (4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.
Synthesis and applications of MOF-derived porous nanostructures
Min Hui Yap, Kam Loon Fow, George Zheng Chen
2017, 2(3): 218-245.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.05.003
[Abstract](540) [FullText HTML](210) [PDF 6267KB](100)
摘要:
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability. Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017, on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture. Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
[Abstract](691) [FullText HTML](312) [PDF 14207KB](138)
摘要:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Overview of acidic deep eutectic solvents on synthesis, properties and applications
Hao Qin, Xutao Hu, Jingwen Wang, Hongye Cheng, Lifang Chen, Zhiwen Qi
2020, 5(1): 8-21.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.03.002
[Abstract](777) [FullText HTML](337) [PDF 1576KB](110)
摘要:
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) into Brønsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character. The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents (BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents (LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries
Jilei Liu, Chaohe Xu, Zhen Chen, Shibing Ni, Ze Xiang Shen
2018, 3(1): 20-41.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001
[Abstract](365) [FullText HTML](140) [PDF 6967KB](80)
摘要:
Over the past decades, a series of aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) were explored, investigated and demonstrated. Among them, aqueous rechargeable alkali-metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) batteries, aqueous rechargeable-metal ion (Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+) batteries and aqueous rechargeable hybrid batteries are standing out due to peculiar properties. In this review, we focus on the fundamental basics of these batteries, and discuss the scientific and/or technological achievements and challenges. By critically reviewing state-of-the-art technologies and the most promising results so far, we aim to analyze the benefits of ARBs and the critical issues to be addressed, and to promote better development of ARBs.
Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of petroleum industry
Baoliang Peng, Zhaoling Yao, Xiaocong Wang, Mitchel Crombeen, Dalton G. Sweeney, Kam Chiu Tam
2020, 5(1): 37-49.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.09.003
[Abstract](355) [FullText HTML](155) [PDF 2482KB](64)
摘要:
The most abundant natural biopolymer on earth, cellulose fiber, may offer a highly efficient, low-cost, and chemical-free option for wastewater treatment. Cellulose is widely distributed in plants and several marine animals. It is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of β-1,4-linked anhydro-D-glucose units with three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU). Cellulose-based materials have been used in food, industrial, pharmaceutical, paper, textile production, and in wastewater treatment applications due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. For water treatment in the oil and gas industry, cellulose-based materials can be used as adsorbents, flocculants, and oil/water separation membranes. In this review, the uses of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas industry are summarized, and recent research progress in the following aspects are highlighted: crude oil spill cleaning, flocculation of solid suspended matter in drilling or oil recovery in the upstream oil industry, adsorption of heavy metal or chemicals, and separation of oil/water by cellulosic membrane in the downstream water treatment.
Recent progress on synthesis of ZIF-67-based materials and their application to heterogeneous catalysis
Chongxiong Duan, Yi Yu, Han Hu
2022, 7(1): 3-15.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2020.12.023
[Abstract](547) [FullText HTML](252) [PDF 3992KB](45)
摘要:
In recent years, an increasing amount of interest has been dedicated to the synthesis and application of ZIF-67-based materials due to their exceptionally high surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stabilities. This review summarizes the latest strategies of synthesizing ZIF-67-based materials by exploring the prominent examples. Then, the recent progress in the applications of ZIF-67-based materials in heterogeneous catalysis, including catalysis of the redox reactions, addition reactions, esterification reactions, Knoevenagel condensations, and hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions, has been elaborately discussed. Finally, we end this work by shedding some light on the large-scale industrial production of ZIF-67-based materials and their applications in the future.
Applications of metal–organic frameworks for green energy and environment: New advances in adsorptive gas separation, storage and removal
Bin Wang, Lin-Hua Xie, Xiaoqing Wang, Xiao-Min Liu, Jinping Li, Jian-Rong Li
2018, 3(3): 191-228.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2018.03.001
[Abstract](437) [FullText HTML](180) [PDF 11013KB](86)
摘要:
The separation of gas molecules with similar physicochemical properties is of high importance but practically entails a substantial energy penalty in chemical industry. Meanwhile, clean energy gases such as H2 and CH4 are considered as promising candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil fuels. However, the technologies for the storage of these gases are still immature. In addition, the release of anthropogenic toxic gases into the atmosphere is a worldwide threat of growing concern. Both in academia and industry, considerable research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced porous materials for the effective and energy-efficient separation, storage, or capture of the related gases. In contrast to conventional inorganic porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a type of promising materials for gas separation and storage. In this contribution, we review the recent research advance of MOFs in some relevant applications, including CO2 capture, O2 purification, separation of light hydrocarbons, separation of noble gases, storage of gases (CH4, H2, and C2H2) for energy, and removal of some gaseous air pollutants (NH3, NO2, and SO2). Finally, an outlook regarding the challenges of the future research of MOFs in these directions is given.
Advanced chemical strategies for lithium–sulfur batteries: A review
Xiaojing Fan, Wenwei Sun, Fancheng Meng, Aiming Xing, Jiehua Liu
2018, 3(1): 2-19.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.08.002
[Abstract](338) [FullText HTML](129) [PDF 4671KB](83)
摘要:
Lithium–sulfur (LiS) battery has been considered as one of the most promising rechargeable batteries among various energy storage devices owing to the attractive ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the performance of LiS batteries is still far from theoretical prediction because of the inherent insulation of sulfur, shuttling of soluble polysulfides, swelling of cathode volume and the formation of lithium dendrites. Significant efforts have been made to trap polysulfides via physical strategies using carbon based materials, but the interactions between polysulfides and carbon are so weak that the device performance is limited. Chemical strategies provide the relatively complemented routes for improving the batteries' electrochemical properties by introducing strong interactions between functional groups and lithium polysulfides. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the recent advances in chemical absorption for improving the performance of LiS batteries by introducing functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, and boron, etc.) and chemical additives (metal, polymers, etc.) to the carbon structures, and how these foreign guests immobilize the dissolved polysulfides.
Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO2-to-chemical conversion
Junzhu Yang, Chi-Kit Sou, Yuan Lu
2024, 9(9): 1366-1383.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.10.002
[Abstract](252) [PDF 4824KB](125)
Abstract:
The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment. How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers. Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years. In this review, the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis, electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized. We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems, especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system, and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO2 fixation, suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.
Spectrophotometric determination of the formation constants of Calcium(II) complexes with 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile
Jacqueline González González, Mónica Nájera-Lara, Varinia López-Ramírez, Juan Antonio Ramírez-Vázquez, José J.N. Segoviano-Garfias
2017, 2(1): 51-57.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.01.002
[Abstract](145) [FullText HTML](64) [PDF 1052KB](64)
Abstract:
In this work, with the purpose to explore the coordination chemistry of calcium complexes which could work as a partial model of manganese–calcium cluster, a spectrophotometric study to evaluate the stability of the complexes: Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile, were carried on. By processing the spectrophotometric data with the HypSpec program allows the determination of the formation constants. The logarithmic values of the formation constants obtained for Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine were log β110 = 4.69, log β110 = 5.25 and log β110 = 4.072, respectively.
Nitrogen-doping boosts *CO utilization and H2O activation on copper for improving CO2 reduction to C2+ products
Yisen Yang, Zhonghao Tan, Jianling Zhang, Jie Yang, Renjie Zhang, Sha Wang, Yi Song, Zhuizhui Su
2024, 9(9): 1459-1465.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.09.002
[Abstract](100) [PDF 1881KB](47)
Abstract:
To improve the electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to multi-carbon (C2+) products is of great importance. Here we developed a nitrogen-doped Cu catalyst, by which the maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency can reach 72.7% in flow-cell system, with the partial current density reaching 0.62 A cm-2. The in situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the *CO adsorption can be strengthened on such a N-doped Cu catalyst, thus promoting the *CO utilization in the subsequent C-C coupling step. Simultaneously, the water activation can be well enhanced by N doping on Cu catalyst. Owing to the synergistic effects, the selectivity and activity for C2+ products over the N-deoped Cu catalyst are much improved.
Recovery of greenhouse gas as cleaner fossil fuel contributes to carbon neutrality
Xin Zhang, Jian-Rong Li
2023, 8(2): 351-353.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.06.002
[Abstract](372) [PDF 438KB](150)
Abstract:
Under the context of carbon neutrality of China, it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Currently, coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China. The country is striving hard to replace it with methane, a cleaner fossil fuel. Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane (CBM) reserves, it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration. The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining, causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect. The recent work by Yang et al. demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents. Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability, which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
[Abstract](691) [FullText HTML](312) [PDF 14207KB](312)
Abstract:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels
Weiping Deng, Yunchao Feng, Jie Fu, Haiwei Guo, Yong Guo, Buxing Han, Zhicheng Jiang, Lingzhao Kong, Changzhi Li, Haichao Liu, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Puning Ren, Feng Wang, Shuai Wang, Yanqin Wang, Ye Wang, Sie Shing Wong, Kai Yan, Ning Yan, Xiaofei Yang, Yuanbao Zhang, Zhanrong Zhang, Xianhai Zeng, Hui Zhou
2023, 8(1): 10-114.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.07.003
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future, lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels. Following a brief introduction on the structure, major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass, the catalytic conversion of three main components, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, into various compounds are comprehensively discussed. Either in separate steps or in one-pot, cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF, furfural, polyols, and organic acids, or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids. On the other hand, lignin is first depolymerized into phenols, catechols, guaiacols, aldehydes and ketones, and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels, bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds. The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification, catalytic pyrolysis, as well as emerging strategies. Finally, opportunities, challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.
Application of deep eutectic solvents in biomass pretreatment and conversion
Yu Chen, Tiancheng Mu
2019, 4(2): 95-115.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.01.012
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials, energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility, which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs: (1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass; (2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass; (3) DESs for biomass conversion; (4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.
Synthesis and applications of MOF-derived porous nanostructures
Min Hui Yap, Kam Loon Fow, George Zheng Chen
2017, 2(3): 218-245.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.05.003
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability. Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017, on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture. Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Overview of acidic deep eutectic solvents on synthesis, properties and applications
Hao Qin, Xutao Hu, Jingwen Wang, Hongye Cheng, Lifang Chen, Zhiwen Qi
2020, 5(1): 8-21.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.03.002
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) into Brønsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character. The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents (BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents (LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries
Jilei Liu, Chaohe Xu, Zhen Chen, Shibing Ni, Ze Xiang Shen
2018, 3(1): 20-41.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001
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Abstract:
Over the past decades, a series of aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) were explored, investigated and demonstrated. Among them, aqueous rechargeable alkali-metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) batteries, aqueous rechargeable-metal ion (Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+) batteries and aqueous rechargeable hybrid batteries are standing out due to peculiar properties. In this review, we focus on the fundamental basics of these batteries, and discuss the scientific and/or technological achievements and challenges. By critically reviewing state-of-the-art technologies and the most promising results so far, we aim to analyze the benefits of ARBs and the critical issues to be addressed, and to promote better development of ARBs.
Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of petroleum industry
Baoliang Peng, Zhaoling Yao, Xiaocong Wang, Mitchel Crombeen, Dalton G. Sweeney, Kam Chiu Tam
2020, 5(1): 37-49.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.09.003
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The most abundant natural biopolymer on earth, cellulose fiber, may offer a highly efficient, low-cost, and chemical-free option for wastewater treatment. Cellulose is widely distributed in plants and several marine animals. It is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of β-1,4-linked anhydro-D-glucose units with three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU). Cellulose-based materials have been used in food, industrial, pharmaceutical, paper, textile production, and in wastewater treatment applications due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. For water treatment in the oil and gas industry, cellulose-based materials can be used as adsorbents, flocculants, and oil/water separation membranes. In this review, the uses of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas industry are summarized, and recent research progress in the following aspects are highlighted: crude oil spill cleaning, flocculation of solid suspended matter in drilling or oil recovery in the upstream oil industry, adsorption of heavy metal or chemicals, and separation of oil/water by cellulosic membrane in the downstream water treatment.
Recent progress on synthesis of ZIF-67-based materials and their application to heterogeneous catalysis
Chongxiong Duan, Yi Yu, Han Hu
2022, 7(1): 3-15.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2020.12.023
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In recent years, an increasing amount of interest has been dedicated to the synthesis and application of ZIF-67-based materials due to their exceptionally high surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stabilities. This review summarizes the latest strategies of synthesizing ZIF-67-based materials by exploring the prominent examples. Then, the recent progress in the applications of ZIF-67-based materials in heterogeneous catalysis, including catalysis of the redox reactions, addition reactions, esterification reactions, Knoevenagel condensations, and hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions, has been elaborately discussed. Finally, we end this work by shedding some light on the large-scale industrial production of ZIF-67-based materials and their applications in the future.
Applications of metal–organic frameworks for green energy and environment: New advances in adsorptive gas separation, storage and removal
Bin Wang, Lin-Hua Xie, Xiaoqing Wang, Xiao-Min Liu, Jinping Li, Jian-Rong Li
2018, 3(3): 191-228.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2018.03.001
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The separation of gas molecules with similar physicochemical properties is of high importance but practically entails a substantial energy penalty in chemical industry. Meanwhile, clean energy gases such as H2 and CH4 are considered as promising candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil fuels. However, the technologies for the storage of these gases are still immature. In addition, the release of anthropogenic toxic gases into the atmosphere is a worldwide threat of growing concern. Both in academia and industry, considerable research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced porous materials for the effective and energy-efficient separation, storage, or capture of the related gases. In contrast to conventional inorganic porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a type of promising materials for gas separation and storage. In this contribution, we review the recent research advance of MOFs in some relevant applications, including CO2 capture, O2 purification, separation of light hydrocarbons, separation of noble gases, storage of gases (CH4, H2, and C2H2) for energy, and removal of some gaseous air pollutants (NH3, NO2, and SO2). Finally, an outlook regarding the challenges of the future research of MOFs in these directions is given.
Advanced chemical strategies for lithium–sulfur batteries: A review
Xiaojing Fan, Wenwei Sun, Fancheng Meng, Aiming Xing, Jiehua Liu
2018, 3(1): 2-19.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.08.002
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Lithium–sulfur (LiS) battery has been considered as one of the most promising rechargeable batteries among various energy storage devices owing to the attractive ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the performance of LiS batteries is still far from theoretical prediction because of the inherent insulation of sulfur, shuttling of soluble polysulfides, swelling of cathode volume and the formation of lithium dendrites. Significant efforts have been made to trap polysulfides via physical strategies using carbon based materials, but the interactions between polysulfides and carbon are so weak that the device performance is limited. Chemical strategies provide the relatively complemented routes for improving the batteries' electrochemical properties by introducing strong interactions between functional groups and lithium polysulfides. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the recent advances in chemical absorption for improving the performance of LiS batteries by introducing functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, and boron, etc.) and chemical additives (metal, polymers, etc.) to the carbon structures, and how these foreign guests immobilize the dissolved polysulfides.
Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO2-to-chemical conversion
Junzhu Yang, Chi-Kit Sou, Yuan Lu
2024, 9(9): 1366-1383.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.10.002
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The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment. How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers. Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years. In this review, the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis, electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized. We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems, especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system, and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO2 fixation, suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.
Spectrophotometric determination of the formation constants of Calcium(II) complexes with 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile
Jacqueline González González, Mónica Nájera-Lara, Varinia López-Ramírez, Juan Antonio Ramírez-Vázquez, José J.N. Segoviano-Garfias
2017, 2(1): 51-57.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.01.002
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In this work, with the purpose to explore the coordination chemistry of calcium complexes which could work as a partial model of manganese–calcium cluster, a spectrophotometric study to evaluate the stability of the complexes: Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile, were carried on. By processing the spectrophotometric data with the HypSpec program allows the determination of the formation constants. The logarithmic values of the formation constants obtained for Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine were log β110 = 4.69, log β110 = 5.25 and log β110 = 4.072, respectively.
Nitrogen-doping boosts *CO utilization and H2O activation on copper for improving CO2 reduction to C2+ products
Yisen Yang, Zhonghao Tan, Jianling Zhang, Jie Yang, Renjie Zhang, Sha Wang, Yi Song, Zhuizhui Su
2024, 9(9): 1459-1465.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.09.002
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To improve the electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to multi-carbon (C2+) products is of great importance. Here we developed a nitrogen-doped Cu catalyst, by which the maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency can reach 72.7% in flow-cell system, with the partial current density reaching 0.62 A cm-2. The in situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the *CO adsorption can be strengthened on such a N-doped Cu catalyst, thus promoting the *CO utilization in the subsequent C-C coupling step. Simultaneously, the water activation can be well enhanced by N doping on Cu catalyst. Owing to the synergistic effects, the selectivity and activity for C2+ products over the N-deoped Cu catalyst are much improved.
Recovery of greenhouse gas as cleaner fossil fuel contributes to carbon neutrality
Xin Zhang, Jian-Rong Li
2023, 8(2): 351-353.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.06.002
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Under the context of carbon neutrality of China, it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Currently, coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China. The country is striving hard to replace it with methane, a cleaner fossil fuel. Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane (CBM) reserves, it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration. The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining, causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect. The recent work by Yang et al. demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents. Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability, which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
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The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.

Editor-in-Chief:Buxing Han

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