Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Green Energy&Environment  > 2025  > Accepted Manuscript
Xinyu Gu, Xiang Zhang, Dongxu Ren, Yixin Zhao, Hao Chen. Ambient-air fabrication of perovskite solar cells: challenges, progress, and perspectives. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.11.005
Citation: Xinyu Gu, Xiang Zhang, Dongxu Ren, Yixin Zhao, Hao Chen. Ambient-air fabrication of perovskite solar cells: challenges, progress, and perspectives. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.11.005
shu

Ambient-air fabrication of perovskite solar cells: challenges, progress, and perspectives

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2025.11.005

  • a. Future Photovoltaics Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology (GIFT), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;

  • b. Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai, 200240, China;

  • c. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;

  • d. State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

Funds:

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant Nos. 22025505, 22220102002), the Start-up Fund from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Grant No. WH220449011) and Shanghai Magnolia Tatent Plan-Pujiang Project (Grant No. BI4900010).

  • Received date 07 September 2025, Accepted date 28 November 2025, RevRecd date 31 October 2025, Available online 05 December 2025
    Abstract
  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability, yet their fabrication typically demands stringent inert conditions to mitigate environmental degradation. However, achieving efficient and stable PSC fabrication in ambient air is crucial for their widespread commercialization, as it significantly reduces manufacturing costs, simplifies process flow, and enables scalable roll-to-roll and printing techniques. The main challenges hindering ambient processing include moisture-induced degradation, oxygen-related oxidation, and humidity-driven variations in crystallization kinetics, which often lead to reduced film quality, defective interfaces, and limited device performance. Recent advancements in ambient-air processing of PSCs present a promising pathway toward scalable and eco-friendly manufacturing, though challenges such as moisture sensitivity, oxygen-induced degradation, and crystallization control remain. This review examines ambient-air effects on perovskite formation, device performance, and stability, alongside strategies for improvement via compositional engineering, solvent optimization, and novel deposition methods. Furthermore, we discuss the progress in lab-scale and large-scale ambient-air fabrication methods, emphasizing their potential for industrial translation. Finally, we outline future research directions to enhance the efficiency, stability, and commercial viability of air-processed PSCs, underscoring their critical role in sustainable energy development.

     

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(148)
  • [1]
    National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed: March 2025).
    [2]
    H.J. Snaith, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 (2013) 3623-3630.
    [3]
    J. Huang, S. Tan, P.D. Lund, H. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 2284-2311.
    [4]
    C. Yin, J. Lu, Y. Xu, Y. Yun, K. Wang, J. Li, L. Jiang, J. Sun, A.D. Scully, F. Huang, J. Zhong, J. Wang, Y.B. Cheng, T. Qin, W. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1800538.
    [5]
    L.J. Sutherland, H.C. Weerasinghe, G.P. Simon, Adv. Energy Mater. 11 (2021) 2101383.
    [6]
    Y. Cheng, F. So, S-W. Tsang, Mater. Horiz., 6 (2019) 1611-1624.
    [7]
    T. Liu, M.M.S. Almutairi, J. Ma, A. Stewart, Z. Xing, M. Liu, B. Hou, Y. Cho, Nano-Micro Lett. 17 (2024) 49.
    [8]
    G. Yang, H. Gu, J. Yin, C. Fei, Z. Shi, X. Shi, X. Ying, J. Huang, Nat. Sustain. 8 (2025) 456-463.
    [9]
    L. Xu, W. Qian, Y. Zhou, Z. Wei, H. Wang, W. Lv, J. Li, W. Huang, L. Yao, R. Chen, W. Huang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 64 (2025) e202503702.
    [10]
    J. Lv, J. Wang, Y. Cheng, J. Sun, M. Lv, K. Jin, F. Long, A. Rizzo, F. Hao, K. Yan, J. Chang, C. Yi, J. Ding, Y. Ding, C. Zuo, L. Ding, Small 21 (2025) 2503214.
    [11]
    Q. Tai, P. You, H. Sang, Z. Liu, C. Hu, H.L. Chan, F. Yan, Nat. Commun. 7 (2016) 11105.
    [12]
    Z. Wang, Q. Lin, F.P. Chmiel, N. Sakai, L.M. Herz, H.J. Snaith, Nat. Energy 2 (2017) 17135.
    [13]
    R. Jia, X. Wu, W. Deng, X. Zhang, L. Huang, K. Niu, L. Chi, J. Jie, Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 (2019) 1905657.
    [14]
    Y. Zhang, X. Sun, Q. Wang, Y. Yue, Z. Guan, H. Liu, Z. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Qiu, D. Li, F. Liu, J. Wei, H. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 15 (2025) 2500156.
    [15]
    V.V. Satale, S. Chowdhury, A. Mohamed, D.H. Kim, S. Cho, J.S. Lee, J.W. Kang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2503717.
    [16]
    Y. Li, Z. Xie, Y. Duan, Y. Li, Y. Sun, C. Su, H. Li, R. Sun, M. Cheng, H. Wang, D. Xu, K. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Lei, Q. Peng, K. Guo, S. Liu, Z. Liu, Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) 2414354.
    [17]
    M. Seetharaman S, P. Nagarjuna, P.N. Kumar, S.P. Singh, M. Deepa, M.a.G. Namboothiry, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014) 24691-24696.
    [18]
    Y. Cheng, X. Xu, Y. Xie, H.-W. Li, J. Qing, C. Ma, C.-S. Lee, F. So, S.-W. Tsang, Sol. RRL 1 (2017) 1700097.
    [19]
    P. Liu, Y. Sun, S. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Gong, F. Li, Y. Shi, Y. Du, X. Li, S.-S. Guo, Q. Tai, C. Wang, X.-Z. Zhao, J. Power Sources 451 (2020) 227825.
    [20]
    L.Y. Yan, H. Huang, P. Cui, S.X. Du, Z.N. Lan, Y.Y. Yang, S.J. Qu, X.X. Wang, Q. Zhang, B.Y. Liu, X.P. Yue, X. Zhao, Y.F. Li, H.F. Li, J. Ji, M.C. Li, Nat. Energy 8 (2023) 1158-1167.
    [21]
    T. Liu, Z. Ren, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Liang, F. Cheng, Y. Li, X. Shi, Y. Dou, X. Hu, L. Wang, S. Luo, F. Wang, X. Peng, Y. Zhao, W. Wang, Y. Cao, F. Gao, S. Chen, Sci. Adv. 11 (2025) eadu3493.
    [22]
    Q. Tan, Z. Li, G. Luo, X. Zhang, B. Che, G. Chen, H. Gao, D. He, G. Ma, J. Wang, J. Xiu, H. Yi, T. Chen, Z. He, Nature 620 (2023) 545-551.
    [23]
    S. Zhang, F. Ye, X. Wang, R. Chen, H. Zhang, L. Zhan, X. Jiang, Y. Li, X. Ji, S. Liu, M. Yu, F. Yu, Y. Zhang, R. Wu, Z. Liu, Z. Ning, D. Neher, L. Han, Y. Lin, H. Tian, W. Chen, M. Stolterfoht, L. Zhang, W.H. Zhu, Y. Wu, Science 380 (2023) 404-409.
    [24]
    C.G. Wu, C.H. Chiang, Z.L. Tseng, M.K. Nazeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt, M. Gratzel, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 2725-2733.
    [25]
    Y. Gao, D. Lin, P. Liu, T. Shi, W. Xie, Mater. Chem. Front. 8 (2024) 785-799.
    [26]
    Q.H. Li, Z.H. Chen, I. Tranca, S. Gaastra-Nedea, D. Smeulders, S.X. Tao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 538 (2021) 148058.
    [27]
    E. Mosconi, J.M. Azpiroz, F. De Angelis, Chem. Mater. 27 (2015) 4885-4892.
    [28]
    A. Kachmar, G. Berdiyorov, M.E. Madjet, J. Phys. Chem. C 123 (2019) 4056-4063.
    [29]
    C. Yi, J. Luo, S. Meloni, A. Boziki, N. Ashari-Astani, C. Gratzel, S.M. Zakeeruddin, U. Rothlisberger, M. Gratzel, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 656-662.
    [30]
    K. Poorkazem, T.L. Kelly, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2017) 181-190.
    [31]
    S. Wang, Z. Miao, J. Yang, Z. Gu, P. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Song, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 63 (2024) e202407192.
    [32]
    G. Xie, L. Xu, L. Sun, Y. Xiong, P. Wu, B. Hu, J. Phys. Chem. A 7 (2019) 5779-5793.
    [33]
    Y.B. Lu, W.Y. Cong, C.B. Guan, H. Sun, Y.Q. Xin, K.L. Wang, S.M. Song, J. Phys. Chem. A 7 (2019) 27469-27474.
    [34]
    U.G. Jong, C.J. Yu, G.C. Ri, A.P. Mcmahon, N.M. Harrison, P.R.F. Barnes, A. Walsh, J. Phys. Chem. A 6 (2018) 1067-1074.
    [35]
    Y. Zhou, M. Yang, W. Wu, A.L. Vasiliev, K. Zhu, N.P. Padture, J. Phys. Chem. A 3 (2015) 8178-8184.
    [36]
    Y. Zou, W. Yu, H. Guo, Q. Li, X. Li, L. Li, Y. Liu, H. Wang, Z. Tang, S. Yang, Y. Chen, B. Qu, Y. Gao, Z. Chen, S. Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Chen, Q. Chen, S.M. Zakeeruddin, Y. Peng, H. Zhou, Q. Gong, M. Wei, M. Gratzel, L. Xiao, Science 385 (2024) 161-167.
    [37]
    P. Zhu, D. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Liang, J. Li, J. Zeng, J. Zhang, Y. Xu, S. Wu, Z. Liu, X. Zhou, B. Hu, F. He, L. Zhang, X. Pan, X. Wang, N.G. Park, B. Xu, Science 383 (2024) 524-531.
    [38]
    C. Wang, B. He, W. Hui, Z. Su, L. Chen, W. Du, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, M. Fu, H. Wang, B. Sun, W. Wen, S. Wang, L. Lou, C. Hou, G. Zheng, L. Song, Y. Chen, X. Gao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2403690.
    [39]
    E. Radicchi, F. Ambrosio, E. Mosconi, A.A. Alasmari, F.a.S. Alasmary, F. De Angelis, J. Phys. Chem. B 124 (2020) 11481-11490.
    [40]
    A. Solanki, S.S. Lim, S. Mhaisalkar, T.C. Sum, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 25474-25482.
    [41]
    Z. Liu, H. Zheng, D. Liu, Z. Liang, W. Yang, H. Chen, L. Ji, S. Yuan, Y. Gu, S. Li, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 15 (2020) 108.
    [42]
    S. Qu, H. Huang, J. Wang, P. Cui, Y. Li, M. Wang, L. Li, F. Yang, C. Sun, Q. Zhang, P. Zhu, Y. Wang, M. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 64 (2025) e202415949.
    [43]
    W.T. Wang, P. Holzhey, N. Zhou, Q. Zhang, S. Zhou, E.A. Duijnstee, K.J. Rietwyk, J.Y. Lin, Y. Mu, Y. Zhang, U. Bach, C.G. Wu, H.L. Yip, H.J. Snaith, S.P. Feng, Nature 632 (2024) 294-300.
    [44]
    P.P. Khlyabich, J.C. Hamill, Y.L. Loo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (2018) 201801508.
    [45]
    N. Folastre, M.A. Akhavan Kazemi, K. Cherednichneko, A. Jamali, J. Rousset, F. Sauvage, A. Demortiere, Energy Environ. Sci. 17 (2024) 8745-8755.
    [46]
    R. Guo, Q. Xiong, A. Ulatowski, S. Li, Z. Ding, T. Xiao, S. Liang, J.E. Heger, T. Guan, X. Jiang, K. Sun, L.K. Reb, M.A. Reus, A. Chumakov, M. Schwartzkopf, M. Yuan, Y. Hou, S.V. Roth, L.M. Herz, P. Gao, P. Muller-Buschbaum, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2310237.
    [47]
    P.W. Nega, Z. Li, V. Ghosh, J. Thapa, S. Sun, N.T.P. Hartono, M.a.N. Nellikkal, A.J. Norquist, T. Buonassisi, E.M. Chan, J. Schrier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 119 (2021) 0059767.
    [48]
    M.a.A. Kazemi, N. Folastre, P. Raval, M. Sliwa, J.M.V. Nsanzimana, S. Golonu, A. Demortiere, J. Rousset, O. Lafon, L. Delevoye, G.N.M. Reddy, F. Sauvage, Energy Environ. Mater. 6 (2023) e12335.
    [49]
    J. Cao, X. Zeng, S. Yang, W. Li, C. Yan, H. Huang, Q. Wang, J. Lu, W. Yang, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 4 (2023) 101305.
    [50]
    G.E. Eperon, S.N. Habisreutinger, T. Leijtens, B.J. Bruijnaers, J.J. Van Franeker, D.W. Dequilettes, S. Pathak, R.J. Sutton, G. Grancini, D.S. Ginger, R.A. Janssen, A. Petrozza, H.J. Snaith, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 9380-9393.
    [51]
    W. Zhou, Y. Zhao, C. Shi, H. Huang, J. Wei, R. Fu, K. Liu, D. Yu, Q. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C 120 (2016) 4759-4765.
    [52]
    H. Zhou, K. Cai, S. Yu, Z. Wang, Z. Xiong, Z. Chu, X. Chu, Q. Jiang, J. You, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 3983.
    [53]
    C. Chen, C. Guo, Q. Yao, J. Wang, Y. Xu, D. Wang, X. Huang, X. Ran, Y. Xia, L. Chao, Y. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 64 (2025) e202425162.
    [54]
    W. Hao, X. Chen, S. Li, The J. Phys. Chem. C 120 (2016) 28448-28455.
    [55]
    Y. Ju, X. Hu, X.-G. Wu, C. Wang, A. Baranov, A. Pushkarev, H. Zhong, Matter 7 (2024) 3756-3785.
    [56]
    A. Senocrate, T. Acarturk, G.Y. Kim, R. Merkle, U. Starke, M. Gratzel, J. Maier, J. Phys. Chem. A 6 (2018) 10847-10855.
    [57]
    Y. Ju, X.G. Wu, S. Huang, G. Dai, T. Song, H. Zhong, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (2021) 202108296.
    [58]
    D. Shin, F. Zu, A.V. Cohen, Y. Yi, L. Kronik, N. Koch, Adv. Mater. 33 (2021) 202100211.
    [59]
    D. Shin, F. Zu, N. Koch, APL Mater. 9 (2021) 0056346.
    [60]
    Y. Nosaka, A.Y. Nosaka, Chem. Rev. 117 (2017) 11302-11336.
    [61]
    Z.-K. Tan, R.S. Moghaddam, M.L. Lai, P. Docampo, R. Higler, F. Deschler, M. Price, A. Sadhanala, L.M. Pazos, D. Credgington, F. Hanusch, T. Bein, H.J. Snaith, R.H. Friend, Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 (2014) 687-692.
    [62]
    M. Hayyan, M.A. Hashim, I.M. Alnashef, Chem. Rev. 116 (2016) 3029-3085.
    [63]
    L. Mcgovern, M.H. Futscher, L.A. Muscarella, B. Ehrler, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 (2020) 7127-7132.
    [64]
    Z. Li, J. Ji, C. Zhang, Q. Hou, P. Jin, The J. Phys. Chem. C 124 (2020) 14147-14157.
    [65]
    H. Choi, J.C.-R. Ke, S. Skalsky, C.A. Castle, K. Li, K.L. Moore, W.R. Flavell, P. Parkinson, J. Mater. Chem. C 8 (2020) 7509-7518.
    [66]
    J. He, W.H. Fang, R. Long, O.V. Prezhdo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020) 14664-14673.
    [67]
    L. Zhang, P.H.L. Sit, J. Phys. Chem. A 5 (2017) 23976-23986.
    [68]
    Z. Zhang, Y. Huang, J. Jin, Y. Jiang, Y. Xu, J. Zhu, D. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 62 (2023) 202308093.
    [69]
    N. Aristidou, C. Eames, I. Sanchez-Molina, X. Bu, J. Kosco, M.S. Islam, S.A. Haque, Nat. Commun. 8 (2017) 15218.
    [70]
    X.X. Ma, Z.S. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 428 (2018) 140-147.
    [71]
    S. Zou, J. Zhang, Y. Xin, J. Jin, G. Liu, X. Yan, J. Huang, Energy Environ. Sci. 18 (2025) 3385-3394.
    [72]
    R. Brenes, D.Y. Guo, A. Osherov, N.K. Noel, C. Eames, E.M. Hutter, S.K. Pathak, F. Niroui, R.H. Friend, M.S. Islam, H.J. Snaith, V. Bulovic, T.J. Savenije, S.D. Stranks, Joule 1 (2017) 155-167.
    [73]
    Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, P. Zhang, Y. Mao, Org. Electron. 88 (2021) 106007.
    [74]
    A.G. Kuba, C. Santiwipharat, R.J. Richardson, U.K. Das, K.D. Dobson, W.N. Shafarman, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7 (2024) 11921-11928.
    [75]
    Q. Zhao, B. Zhang, W. Hui, Z. Su, H. Wang, Q. Zhang, K. Gao, X. Zhang, B.H. Li, X. Gao, X. Wang, S. De Wolf, K. Wang, S. Pang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 19108-19117.
    [76]
    A.G. Kuba, A.J. Harding, R.J. Richardson, B.E. Mccandless, U.K. Das, K.D. Dobson, W.N. Shafarman, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5 (2022) 10731-10741.
    [77]
    A.G. Kuba, B. Du, A.J. Harding, K.D. Dobson, B.E. Mccandless, U.K. Das, W.N. Shafarman, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 14 (2024) 758-764.
    [78]
    Z. Hawash, L.K. Ono, Y. Qi, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 3 (2016) 201600117.
    [79]
    S. Gao, X. Li, R. Cao, X. Li, T. Chen, Y. Lu, J. Zhu, S. Yang, ACS Energy Lett. 9 (2024) 5037-5044.
    [80]
    G. Niu, S. Wang, J. Li, W. Li, L. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 6 (2018) 4721-4728.
    [81]
    G. Li, Z. Su, M. Li, H.K.H. Lee, R. Datt, D. Hughes, C. Wang, M. Flatken, H. Kobler, J.J. Jeronimo-Rendon, R. Roy, F. Yang, J. Pascual, Z. Li, W.C. Tsoi, X. Gao, Z. Wang, M. Saliba, A. Abate, Adv. Energy Mater. 12 (2022) 202202887.
    [82]
    J. Liu, Z. Zhao, J. Qian, Z. Liang, C. Wu, K. Wang, S.F. Liu, D. Yang, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2401236.
    [83]
    H. Cao, J. Li, Z. Dong, J. Su, J. Chang, Q. Zhao, Z. Li, L. Yang, S. Yin, ACS Energy Lett. 4 (2019) 2821-2829.
    [84]
    Y.C. Zhao, W.K. Zhou, X. Zhou, K.H. Liu, D.P. Yu, Q. Zhao, Light Sci. Appl. 6 (2017) e16243.
    [85]
    J.H. Heo, D.H. Song, B.R. Patil, S.H. Im, Isr. J. Chem. 55 (2015) 966-977.
    [86]
    Z.N. Song, C.L. Mcelvany, A.B. Phillips, I. Celik, P.W. Krantz, S.C. Watthage, G.K. Liyanage, D. Apul, M.J. Heben, Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 1297-1305.
    [87]
    P. Chen, Y. Xiao, S. Li, X. Jia, D. Luo, W. Zhang, H.J. Snaith, Q. Gong, R. Zhu, Chem. Rev. 124 (2024) 10623-10700.
    [88]
    J. Zhou, L. Tan, Y. Liu, H. Li, X. Liu, M. Li, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Hua, W. Tress, S. Meloni, C. Yi, Joule 8 (2024) 1691-1706.
    [89]
    P. Xu, S. Chen, H.-J. Xiang, X.-G. Gong, S.-H. Wei, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 6068-6072.
    [90]
    C. Ma, F.T. Eickemeyer, S.H. Lee, D.H. Kang, S.J. Kwon, M. Gratzel, N.G. Park, Science 379 (2023) 173-178.
    [91]
    K. Ho, M.Y. Wei, E.H. Sargent, G.C. Walker, ACS Energy Lett. 6 (2021) 934-940.
    [92]
    P. Raval, R.M. Kennard, E.S. Vasileiadou, C.J. Dahlman, I. Spanopoulos, M.L. Chabinyc, M. Kanatzidis, G.N.M. Reddy, ACS Energy Lett. 7 (2022) 1534-1543.
    [93]
    K. Sveinbjornsson, K. Aitola, J. Zhang, M.B. Johansson, X. Zhang, J.-P. Correa-Baena, A. Hagfeldt, G. Boschloo, E.M.J. Johansson, J. Phys. Chem. A 4 (2016) 16536-16545.
    [94]
    K. Jung, K. Oh, D.H. Kim, J.W. Choi, K.C. Kim, M.-J. Lee, Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106387.
    [95]
    P. Moazzezi, V. Yeddu, I.T. Cheong, M.R. Kokaba, S. Dayneko, Y. Ahmed, M.I. Saidaminov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147 (2025) 10203-10211.
    [96]
    M. Hoang, J. Liu, Y. Yang, M. Klein, W.-H. Chiu, Y. Yu, N. Pham, P. Moonie, A. Pandey, L. Kou, H. Wang, Mater. Futures 4 (2025) 025103.
    [97]
    X. Wang, X. Ran, X. Liu, H. Gu, S. Zuo, W. Hui, H. Lu, B. Sun, X. Gao, J. Zhang, Y. Xia, Y. Chen, W. Huang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 59 (2020) 13354-13361.
    [98]
    W. Hui, L.F. Chao, H. Lu, F. Xia, Q. Wei, Z.H. Su, T.T. Niu, L. Tao, B. Du, D.L. Li, Y. Wang, H. Dong, S.W. Zuo, B.X. Li, W. Shi, X.Q. Ran, P. Li, H. Zhang, Z.B. Wu, C.X. Ran, L. Song, G.C. Xing, X.Y. Gao, J. Zhang, Y.D. Xia, Y.H. Chen, W. Huang, Science 371 (2021) 1359-1364.
    [99]
    Q. Zeng, H. Xiao, Q. Ma, R. Huang, Y. Pan, L. Li, X. Liao, S. Liu, W. Zhang, F. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater. 14 (2024) 202401279.
    [100]
    K. Wang, Z. Duan, H. Liu, Q. Huang, Y. Su, R. Liu, X. Lian, M. Luo, Y. Shen, C. Zhao, H. Zhang, F. Xie, Small 21 (2025) 2501184.
    [101]
    Q. Li, D. Li, Z. Li, Q. Liang, P.W.K. Fong, Y. Han, K. Liu, J. Yu, P. Bai, T. Zhu, Y. Bai, G. Yang, Z. Ren, G. Li, Adv. Sci.12 (2025) 2407401.
    [102]
    H.G. Meng, K.T. Mao, F.C. Cai, K. Zhang, S.J. Yuan, T.Q. Li, F.F. Cao, Z.H. Su, Z.J. Zhu, X.Y. Feng, W. Peng, J.H. Xu, Y. Gao, W.W. Chen, C.X. Xiao, X.J. Wu, M.D. Mcgehee, J.X. Xu, Nat. Energy 9 (2024) 536-547.
    [103]
    Y. Ma, C. Luo, C. Zhan, K. Wang, J. He, P. Gao, Z. Bi, Y. Ma, Q. Zhao, Sci. Adv. 11 (2025) eady5703.
    [104]
    T. Li, W. Li, K. Wang, Y. Tong, H. Wang, Y. Chen, H. Qi, Z. Kang, H. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 63 (2024) 202407508.
    [105]
    N. Vanni, A. Giuri, G. Bravetti, R. Marrazzo, E. Quadrivi, C. Marchini, S. Spera, M.R. Guascito, R. Po, P. Biagini, A. Rizzo, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (2024) 40927-40935.
    [106]
    X. Gan, J. Zhang, Y. Xing, X. Peng, Y. Han, Q. Wang, J. Xiong, X. Liu, L. Huang, W. Li, Q. Tai, Y. Zhu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (2024) 31709-31718.
    [107]
    L. Cao, Y. Tong, Y. Ke, Y. Chen, Y. Li, H. Wang, K. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (2024) 66865-66873.
    [108]
    Z. Zhang, J. Jin, Z. Li, Y. Huang, Y. Jiang, M. Li, C. Wang, Y. Luo, Z. Gao, Y. Xu, X. Wang, J. Qu, W. Jiao, W. Liang, J. Zhu, H. Zhang, Z. Su, X. Gao, H. Huang, C. Xiao, S. Ren, C. Chen, P. Gao, D. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) 202501156.
    [109]
    L. Ning, Z. Yao, L. Zha, L. Song, P. Du, W.H. Chen, J. Xiong, Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) 2418791.
    [110]
    X. Shi, T. Liu, Y. Dou, X. Hu, Y. Liu, F. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Ren, S. Chen, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2402785.
    [111]
    T. Li, K. Wang, Y. Tong, H. Qi, S. Yue, W. Li, H. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 202409621.
    [112]
    E. Hou, S. Cheng, Y. Qiu, X. Chen, J. Chen, C. Sun, H. Zhang, J. Yang, X. Zhao, L. Xie, Z. Chen, C. Tian, Z. Wei, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 64 (2025) e202416703.
    [113]
    J. Wu, J. Lan, R. Wang, C. Cheng, W. Wang, H. Deng, Q. Zheng, M. Wei, Y. Li, S. Cheng, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 202425979.
    [114]
    J. Idigoras, F.J. Aparicio, L. Contreras-Bernal, S. Ramos-Terron, M. Alcaire, J.R. Sanchez-Valencia, A. Borras, A. Barranco, J.A. Anta, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 11587-11594.
    [115]
    Z. Tong, K. Sang, H. Zhou, D. Wu, S. Zhao, J. Zhang, Y. Yang, Q. Pang, A. Guan, L. Zhou, H. Cheng, P. Chen, Sol. RRL 9 (2024) 202400712.
    [116]
    J. Wall, K. Khawaja, W. Xiang, A. Dvorak, C. Picart, X. Gu, L. Li, N. Rolston, K. Zhu, J.J. Berry, F. Yan, Sol. RRL 8 (2024) 202400599.
    [117]
    G. Wu, J. Wang, X. Fang, J. Xu, X. Xia, J. Zhao, L. Zheng, M. Zhang, Z. Chen, H. Chen, L. Wang, W.W. Yu, Adv. Energy Mater. 15 (2025) 202500830.
    [118]
    H. Yang, Z. Guo, Z. Xu, W. Cai, S.M.H. Qaid, Z. Zang, Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) 202510967.
    [119]
    L. Yuan, S. Zou, K. Zhang, P. Huang, Y. Dong, J. Wang, K. Fan, M.Y. Lam, X. Wu, W. Cheng, R. Tang, W. Chen, W. Liu, K.S. Wong, K. Yan, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 202409261.
    [120]
    L. Yan, H. Huang, P. Cui, Y. Yang, Z. Su, Y. Lu, M. Wang, Z. Lan, S. Qu, B. Liu, C. Sun, L. Li, S. Du, F. Yang, X. Gao, M. Li, ACS Energy Lett. 10 (2025) 5156-5164.
    [121]
    C. Caddeo, M.I. Saba, S. Meloni, A. Filippetti, A. Mattoni, ACS Nano 11 (2017) 9183-9190.
    [122]
    Y.F. Lv, K.Y. Wang, A. Lan, L.F. Chao, C.S. Chen, J.P. Wang, Q. Yao, J.X. Chen, T.F. Pan, Y.J. Li, H. Zhang, Y.D. Xia, Y.H. Chen, Chem. Eng. J. 469 (2023) 143909.
    [123]
    X. Hu, C. Zhao, Y. Liu, J.A. Li, L. Wang, X. Tang, Y. Dou, X. Shi, T. Liu, S. Luo, S. Chen, Adv. Funct. Mater. (2025) 202512093. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202512093.
    [124]
    S. Chen, X. Xiao, H. Gu, J. Huang, Sci. Adv. 7 (2021) abe8130.
    [125]
    L. Yin, W. Huang, J. Fang, Z. Ding, C. Jin, Y. Du, L. Lang, T. Yang, S. Wang, W. Cai, C. Liu, G. Zhao, Y. Yang, S.F. Liu, T. Bu, K. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 35 (2023) 2303384.
    [126]
    H. Rahbari, R. Ahadi Dolatsara, A. Moeini, S.A. Zargar, A. Shahraki, M.H. Siadati, N. Taghavinia, A. Nemati, A. Malek Khachatourian, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 7 (2025) 964-982.
    [127]
    X. Zheng, W. Kong, J. Wen, J. Hong, H. Luo, R. Xia, Z. Huang, X. Luo, Z. Liu, H. Li, H. Sun, Y. Wang, C. Liu, P. Wu, H. Gao, M. Li, A.D. Bui, Y. Mo, X. Zhang, G. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Feng, H.T. Nguyen, R. Lin, L. Li, J. Gao, H. Tan, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 4907.
    [128]
    L. Tan, H. Jiang, R. Yang, L. Shen, C. Sun, Y. Jin, X. Guan, P. Song, L. Zheng, C. Tian, L. Xie, J. Yang, Z. Wei, Adv. Energy Mater. 14 (2024) 202400549.
    [129]
    J.P. Chen, T.W. Colburn, J. Risner-Jamtgaard, A. Vailionis, A. Barnum, M. Golding, A. Carbone, A.C. Flick, R.H. Dauskardt, Matter 8 (2025) 101990.
    [130]
    E.J. Cassella, R.D.J. Oliver, T. Thornber, S. Tucker, R. Goodwin, D.G. Lidzey, A.J. Ramadan, J. Mater. Chem. C 12 (2024) 13332-13342.
    [131]
    J. Zhao, X. Yang, W. Zhou, R. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Zhong, H. Ren, G. Hou, Y. Ding, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7 (2024) 3540-3549.
    [132]
    K. Amratisha, J. Ponchai, P. Kaewurai, P. Pansa-Ngat, K. Pinsuwan, P. Kumnorkaew, P. Ruankham, P. Kanjanaboos, Opt. Mater. Express 10 (2020) 391546.
    [133]
    J. Caeyers, T. Merckx, J. De Wild, W. Deferme, B. Vermang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 8 (2025) 5c00718.
    [134]
    E. Parvazian, T. Watson, Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 3983.
    [135]
    F. Jafarzadeh, L. Dong, D. Jang, M. Wagner, G. Koch, S. Qiu, S. Feroze, J.G. Cerrillo, C.J. Brabec, A. Di Carlo, F. Brunetti, H.J. Egelhaaf, F. Matteocci, Sol. RRL 8 (2024) 202400530.
    [136]
    L. Dong, S. Qiu, J. Garcia Cerrillo, M. Wagner, O. Kasian, S. Feroze, D. Jang, C. Li, V. M. Le Corre, K. Zhang, H. Peisert, F. U. Kosasih, C. Ducati, C. Arrive, T. Du, F. Yang, C. J. Brabec, H.-J. Egelhaaf, Energy Environ. Sci. 17 (2024) 7097-7106.
    [137]
    Y. Gou, S. Tang, C. Yuan, P. Zhao, J. Chen, H. Yu, Mater. Horiz. 11 (2024) 3465-3481.
    [138]
    R. Szostak, P.E. Marchezi, A.D.S. Marques, J.C. Da Silva, M.S. De Holanda, M.M. Soares, H.C.N. Tolentino, A.F. Nogueira, Sustainable Energy Fuels 3 (2019) 2287-2297.
    [139]
    Q. Hu, L. Zhao, J. Wu, K. Gao, D. Luo, Y. Jiang, Z. Zhang, C. Zhu, E. Schaible, A. Hexemer, C. Wang, Y. Liu, W. Zhang, M. Gratzel, F. Liu, T.P. Russell, R. Zhu, Q. Gong, Nat. Commun. 8 (2017) 15688.
    [140]
    G. Hua, X. Lin, Y. Lai, L. Huo, W. Wang, W. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2024) 202414423.
    [141]
    Q. Jiang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Chu, Q. Ye, X. Li, Z. Yin, J. You, Nat. Photonics 13 (2019) 460-466.
    [142]
    P. Ferdowsi, E. Ochoa-Martinez, S.S. Alonso, U. Steiner, M. Saliba, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 22260.
    [143]
    B. Yang, P.-A. Lin, T. Zhou, X. Zheng, B. Cai, W.-H. Zhang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35 (2024) 109425.
    [144]
    J. Zhao, S.O. Furer, D.P. Mcmeekin, Q. Lin, P. Lv, J. Ma, W.L. Tan, C. Wang, B. Tan, A.S.R. Chesman, H. Yin, A.D. Scully, C.R. Mcneill, W. Mao, J. Lu, Y.-B. Cheng, U. Bach, Energy Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 138-147.
    [145]
    L. Lv, C. Zuo, L. Zhang, Z. Xiao, Q. Bao, C. Yi, J. Chang, K. Yan, Y. Ding, C. Wu, K. Jin, H. Dong, D. Wei, L. Ding, Small 21 (2025) e06937.
    [146]
    Y. Yue, R. Yang, W. Zhang, Q. Cheng, H. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 63 (2023) 202315717.
    [147]
    W. Yin, H. Luo, L. Yuan, Y. Sun, X. Yang, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, Q. Jiang, Fundam. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.013.
    [148]
    J. Wang, L. Yuan, H. Luo, C. Duan, B. Zhou, Q. Wen, K. Yan, Chem. Eng. J. 446 (2022) 136968.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索
    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (10) PDF downloads(1) Cited by()
    Proportional views

    Publish With GEE

    Contact

    • Email：gee@ipe.ac.cn
    • Tel：010-82627075
    • Address：North 2nd street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, China

    Links

    京ICP备10002620号-1京公网安备 11010802039050号

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd    

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return