Advances in Cathode's Microstructure Modification to Boost Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery becomes one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices due to its ultrahigh energy density of 2600 Wh/kg. However, their commercialization is impeded by several critical challenges, including the polysulfide shuttle effect, low electrical conductivity of sulfur, and significant volume expansion during cycling. This review addresses recent developments in the microstructural innovations aimed at improving lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery performance, with a particular focus on the modification of cathode materials. The strategies discussed primarily revolve around enhancing the conductivity of sulfur and effectively confining polysulfides to reduce the dissolution of lithium polysulfides in organic electrolytes. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of porous carbon structures, and metal compounds in stabilizing polysulfides and enhancing electrochemical performances. Additionally, the roles of advanced synthesis techniques that facilitate the creation of hybrid cathodes with superior mechanical properties and cycling stability are summarized. By addressing the inherent limitations of traditional Li-S battery designs, these innovations pave the way for more efficient and reliable energy storage systems, positioning Li-S technology as a viable alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries in future applications.