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Xiaotong Li, Yingyi Gan, Yuan Lu. Smart materials in water governance: Pollution remediation, resource acquisition, and energy harvest. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.04.010
Citation: Xiaotong Li, Yingyi Gan, Yuan Lu. Smart materials in water governance: Pollution remediation, resource acquisition, and energy harvest. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.04.010
shu

Smart materials in water governance: Pollution remediation, resource acquisition, and energy harvest

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.04.010

  • 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;

  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Green Biomanufacturing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;

  • 3. Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Funds:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22278241).

  • Received date 01 October 2025, Accepted date 29 April 2026, RevRecd date 03 April 2026, Available online 07 May 2026
    Abstract
  • As global water scarcity and security challenges intensify, traditional water treatment materials struggle to meet practical demands due to their limited efficiency and single-functionality. Smart materials—particularly those with stimulus-responsive and adaptive properties—have emerged as promising alternatives, thanks to their dynamic functional regulation, environmental adaptability, and multifunctional integration capabilities. This review systematically examines the principles of smart materials from micro to macro scales, covering environmental sensing and output mechanisms, including pH, temperature, light, and magnetic responses, as well as self-cleaning and self-healing functions. It critically compares their performance in pollution remediation, resource recovery, and energy capture. The study highlights inherent limitations in current materials, such as reduced responsiveness in complex aquatic environments, insufficient long-term stability, functional conflicts, and scalability challenges. Furthermore, it explores forward-looking strategies to address these issues, including orthogonal multi-stimulus response design, performance validation under real-world conditions, environmentally friendly material alternatives, and integration with real-time sensing and artificial intelligence technologies. By evaluating material performance and summarizing future development directions, this review provides a systematic theoretical framework and practical guidance for developing next-generation smart water treatment systems that prioritize sustainable water security, resource recycling, and energy synergy.

     

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