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Rui Huang, Shaohua Luo, Zhaozhan Shi, Lixiong Qian, Xin Liu, Shengxue Yan. Where to go for the chemical designs of P2 phase Mn-based sodium cathodes?. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.017
Citation: Rui Huang, Shaohua Luo, Zhaozhan Shi, Lixiong Qian, Xin Liu, Shengxue Yan. Where to go for the chemical designs of P2 phase Mn-based sodium cathodes?. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.017
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Where to go for the chemical designs of P2 phase Mn-based sodium cathodes?

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.017

  • a. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China;

  • b. School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China;

  • c. Hebei Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China

Funds:

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52274295), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (E2025501028, E2025501032), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N2523045), The Basic Research Program Project of Shijiazhuang City for Universities Stationed in Hebei Province (241790937A), 2025 Hebei Provincial Post-graduate Student Innovation Ability training funding project (CXZZBS2025210).

  • Received date 22 December 2025, Accepted date 24 March 2026, RevRecd date 06 February 2026, Available online 02 April 2026
    Abstract
  • P2 Mn based cathode materials has become one of the most promising candidate cathode materials due to its high specific capacity, suitable operating voltage and low-cost advantages, but its practical application is still limited by challenges such as high-voltage phase transition, Jahn-Teller effect, Na+/vacancy ordering and air sensitivity. So far, a comprehensive summary study of the corresponding mechanisms and design principles for modification design is still lacking. Based on the multi-scale ontological relationship analysis, this review firstly constructs the systematic research framework of P2 Mn based cathode materials, elucidates the constitutive relationship between the transition metal interlayer slip barrier-oxygen stacking sequence and the thermodynamic origins of the irreversible phase transition, and reveals the influence of the lattice doping-surface passivation synergistic regulation strategy on the dynamic coupling mechanism of the coordination distortion and the lattice oxygen activation in Mn3+. At the same time, it provides the theoretical support for deciphering the degradation of the air stability. In addition, this work examines the direction of elemental doping and surface/interfacial engineering to overcome the limitations in capacity and cycling stability, as well as the optimized design of low temperature cathode/electrolyte interface, aiming to summarize the design principle, mechanism and electrochemical performance. Finally, the modified design of such cathode materials is summarized, the existing key scientific issues of these materials are pointed out, and the direction of development in the near future is proposed.

     

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