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Yu Zhang, Jie Li, Panyong Kuang, Jiaguo Yu, Qian Sun, Zhenhai Wen. Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Chemical Synthesis. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.014
Citation: Yu Zhang, Jie Li, Panyong Kuang, Jiaguo Yu, Qian Sun, Zhenhai Wen. Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Chemical Synthesis. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.014
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Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Chemical Synthesis

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.014

  • a. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China;

  • b. State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China;

  • c. Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;

  • d. Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, P. R. China

Funds:

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research &

Development Program of China (2022YFE0115900, 2023YFA1507101, 2021YFA1501500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22225902, U22A20436, No. 22409171), the Self-deployment Project Research Program of Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. CXZX-2022-GH04, CXZX-2023-JQ08), and the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (No. GZC20241720). Science and Technology Program of Fuzhou (2023-P-009).

  • Received date 24 December 2025, Accepted date 23 March 2026, RevRecd date 23 February 2026, Available online 09 April 2026
    Abstract
  • Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) are emerging as a transformative platform for electrochemical energy conversion and sustainable chemical synthesis. By enabling efficient electrochemical reactions involving gaseous species, such as CO2, CO, N2, O2, and H2, at well-defined gas-liquid-solid interfaces, GDEs fundamentally overcome the intrinsic mass-transport constraints inherent to conventional aqueous electrodes, thereby enabling industrially relevant current densities unattainable in traditional configurations. Structurally, GDEs integrate a functional catalyst layer with a porous gas diffusion layer (GDL), allowing continuous and regulated delivery of gaseous reactants to active sites while stabilizing three-phase interfaces and tailoring local reaction microenvironments. These features collectively enhance reaction kinetics, product selectivity, and energy efficiency across diverse applications, including CO2 electroreduction, water electrolysis, fuel cells, and electrochemical H2O2 synthesis. This Perspective provides a critical analysis of recent progress in GDE materials, architectures, and interface engineering, with an emphasis on uncovering the mechanistic foundations of their operation. On this basis, we highlight unresolved challenges and propose emerging design principles aimed at realizing adaptive, durable, and scalable GDE platforms. We further discuss key research directions necessary to translate fundamental advances into practical, industrially relevant electrochemical technologies that support a carbon-neutral energy and chemical economy.

     

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