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Yuan Xue, Sheng Liu, Yujuan Guo, Yanjun Zhang, Zushun Xu, Yongxing Zhang, Guangfu Liao, Qing Li. Biomass-engineered graphitic carbon nitride: structure modulation, charge dynamics, and photocatalytic applications. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.002
Citation: Yuan Xue, Sheng Liu, Yujuan Guo, Yanjun Zhang, Zushun Xu, Yongxing Zhang, Guangfu Liao, Qing Li. Biomass-engineered graphitic carbon nitride: structure modulation, charge dynamics, and photocatalytic applications. Green Energy&Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.002
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Biomass-engineered graphitic carbon nitride: structure modulation, charge dynamics, and photocatalytic applications

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2026.03.002

  • a. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;

  • b. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for New Chemical Materials and Safety Technology,College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering,Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535000, China;

  • c. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Energy Science and Engineering, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China;

  • d. College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China

Funds:

This work was supported by Youth Talent Project of Hubei Provincial Education Department's Scientific Research Plan (No. Q20241010), and the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University (No. 2023SYSZZ09)

  • Received date 28 December 2025, Accepted date 05 March 2026, RevRecd date 04 March 2026, Available online 17 March 2026
    Abstract
  • Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free, environmentally sustainable semiconductor photocatalyst characterized by its well-defined layered structure, tunable electronic structure, and exceptional optical properties. To address the inherent limitations of g-C3N4 that impede its practical application and development, researchers have devised diverse modification strategies, spanning nanostructure engineering, elemental doping/defect introduction, and heterojunction construction. This review underscores the multifaceted synergistic effects derived from the structural diversity of biomass during modification processes. These integrate three core components: (i) Utilizing the unique chiral architecture and abundant functional groups for morphological control (ii) Band structure engineering through biomass-derived unique skeletons and multi-element induced defect formation and (iii) Constructing heterojunctions with unique interfacial effects by integrating biomass materials of different dimensional architectures. Furthermore, synergistic modifications enable atomic-scale lattice engineering with capabilities beyond those achievable by traditional inorganic precursors. Subsequently, we also introduce the applications of biomass-derived modifications in regulating g-C3N4 photocatalysts toward addressing energy conversion and environmental remediation challenges. Finally, we delineate the promising trajectory of biomass-engineered g-C3N4 photocatalysts, envisioning their expanded deployment in energy conversion systems through synergistic integration with emerging technologies.

     

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