Volume 9 Issue 9
Sep.  2024
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Article Navigation >  Green Energy&Environment  > 2024  >  9(9): 1336-1365
Kaili Wang, Tingting Zhou, Zhen Cao, Zhimin Yuan, Hongyan He, Maohong Fan, Zaiyong Jiang. Advanced 3D ordered electrodes for PEMFC applications: From structural features and fabrication methods to the controllable design of catalyst layers. Green Energy&Environment, 2024, 9(9): 1336-1365. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.11.002
Citation: Kaili Wang, Tingting Zhou, Zhen Cao, Zhimin Yuan, Hongyan He, Maohong Fan, Zaiyong Jiang. Advanced 3D ordered electrodes for PEMFC applications: From structural features and fabrication methods to the controllable design of catalyst layers. Green Energy&Environment, 2024, 9(9): 1336-1365. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.11.002
shu

Advanced 3D ordered electrodes for PEMFC applications: From structural features and fabrication methods to the controllable design of catalyst layers

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.11.002

  • a. School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China;

  • b. Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China;

  • c. College Engineering and Physical Sciences, and School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA

Funds:

This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2023MB049), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M670483) and the Science Foundation of Weifang University (2023BS11).

  • Received date 22 August 2023, Accepted date 06 November 2023, RevRecd date 12 October 2023, Publish date 07 November 2023,
    Abstract
  • The catalyst layers (CLs) electrode is the key component of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Conventional electrodes for PEMFCs are composed of carbon-supported, ionomer, and Pt nanoparticles, all immersed together and sprayed with a micron-level thickness of CLs. They have a performance trade-off where increasing the Pt loading leads to higher performance of abundant triple-phase boundary areas but increases the electrode cost. Major challenges must be overcome before realizing its wide commercialization. Literature research revealed that it is impossible to achieve performance and durability targets with only high-performance catalysts, so the controllable design of CLs architecture in MEAs for PEMFCs must now be the top priority to meet industry goals. From this perspective, a 3D ordered electrode circumvents this issue with a support-free architecture and ultrathin thickness while reducing noble metal Pt loadings. Herein, we discuss the motivation in-depth and summarize the necessary CLs structural features for designing ultralow Pt loading electrodes. Critical issues that remain in progress for 3D ordered CLs must be studied and characterized. Furthermore, approaches for 3D ordered CLs architecture electrode development, involving material design, structure optimization, preparation technology, and characterization techniques, are summarized and are expected to be next-generation CLs for PEMFCs. Finally, the review concludes with perspectives on possible research directions of CL architecture to address the significant challenges in the future.

     

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