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Jinkun Wang, Li Wang, Hong Xu, Li Sheng, Xiangming He. Perception of fundamental science to boost lithium metal anodes toward practical application. Green Energy&Environment, 2024, 9(3): 454-472. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.02.008
Citation: Jinkun Wang, Li Wang, Hong Xu, Li Sheng, Xiangming He. Perception of fundamental science to boost lithium metal anodes toward practical application. Green Energy&Environment, 2024, 9(3): 454-472. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.02.008
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Perception of fundamental science to boost lithium metal anodes toward practical application

doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.02.008

  • Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

Funds:

We would like to show gratitude to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22279070, U21A20170, 22279071 and 52206263) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2019YFA0705703 and 2019YFE0100200). The authors thank Joint Work Plan for Research Projects under the Clean Vehicles Consortium at U.S. and China-Clean Energy Research Center (CERC-CVC2.0, 2016-2020).

  • Received date 19 November 2022, Accepted date 18 February 2023, RevRecd date 20 January 2023, Publish date 21 February 2023,
    Abstract
  • As a key material for lithium metal batteries (LMBs), lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials to break the bottleneck of battery energy density and a commonly used active material for reference electrodes. Although lithium anodes are regarded as the holy grail of lithium batteries, decades of exploration have not led to the successful commercialization of LMBs, due mainly to the challenges related to the inherent properties of lithium metal. To pave the way for further investigation, herein, a comprehensive review focusing on the fundamental science of lithium are provided. Firstly, the natures of lithium atoms and their isotopes, lithium clusters and lithium crystals are revisited, especially their structural and energetic properties. Subsequently, the electrochemical properties of lithium metal are reviewed. Numerous important concepts and scientific questions, including the electronic structure of lithium, influence of high pressure and low temperature on the properties of lithium, factors influencing lithium deposition, generation of lithium dendrites, and electrode potential of lithium in different electrolytes, are explained and analyzed in detail. Approaches to improve the performance of lithium anodes and thoughtfulness about the electrode potential in lithium battery research are proposed.

     

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