2016 Vol. 1, No. 2

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Editorial
A brand new opportunity and challenge for GEE
Suojiang Zhang
2016, 1(2) doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.09.003
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Review article
Recent advances in multi-layer composite polymeric membranes for CO2 separation: A review
Zhongde Dai, Luca Ansaloni, Liyuan Deng
2016, 1(2): 102-128. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.001
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The development of multilayer composite membranes for CO2 separation has gained increasing attention due to the desire for energy efficient technologies. Multilayer composite membranes have many advantages, including the possibility to optimize membrane materials independently by layers according to their different functions and to reduce the overall transport resistance by using ultrathin selective layers, and less limitations on the material mechanical properties and processability. A comprehensive review is required to capture details of the progresses that have already been achieved in developing multilayer composite membranes with improved CO2 separation performance in the past 15–20 years. In this review, various composite membrane preparation methods were compared, advances in composite membranes for CO2/CH4 separation, CO2/N2 and CO2/H2 separation were summarized with detailed data, and challenges facing for the CO2 separation using composite membranes, such as aging, plasticization and long-term stability, were discussed. Finally the perspectives and future research directions for composite membranes were presented.
Feature article
Solar rooftop in India: Policies, challenges and outlook
Malti Goel
2016, 1(2): 129-137. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.003
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Solar photovoltaic rooftop has emerged as a potential green technology to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel based energy. With a strong commitment to increase the renewable sources based energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022, India has a target to install 100 GW of solar energy capacity. Of this 40 GW would be the share of grid connected solar PV rooftop. This paper examines global growth in solar energy, world's major rooftop installed capacity countries' policies and solar rooftop policy instruments in India. The current Indian goals, issues & challenges in achieving them and trends in further development are discussed.
Short communication
Highly efficient electrochemically driven water oxidation by graphene-supported mixed-valent Mn16-containing polyoxometalate
Xiaolin Xing, Meng Wang, Rongji Liu, Shuangshuang Zhang, Ke Zhang, Bin Li, Guangjin Zhang
2016, 1(2): 138-143. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.04.001
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A highly efficient catalyst of graphene-supported mixed-valent Mn 16-containing polyoxometalate is reported here by electrochemical strategy. The modified electrode with the catalyst exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic performance for water oxidation, which will contribute to the development of highly efficient catalysts for oxygen evolution.
Sub/supercritical carbon dioxide induced phase switching for the reaction and separation in ILs/methanol
Jiayu Xin, Dongxia Yan, Ruimei Cao, Xingmei Lu, Huixian Dong, Suojiang Zhang
2016, 1(2): 144-148. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.04.002
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Separation of products from ionic liquid (IL) solvents is one of the main challenges that hinder their utilizations. In this study, the production of γ-valerolactone (GVL) by selective hydrogenation of α-angelica lactone (AL) and separation of the products from the IL solvent were carried out by using subcritical CO2 as a “switch” at room temperature. After the mixture was separated into two phases by subcritical CO2, AL and nano Pd/C catalyst were only found in the lower IL-rich phase, GVL was produced with quantitative yield and enriched in the upper methanol-rich phase. Pure GVL can be obtained by depressurizing to release CO2 and evaporation to remove methanol of the upper phase, the lower phase containing IL, catalyst and methanol can be recycled for the next reaction. The strategy may provide a new approach to produce and separate products from IL solvents at mild conditions.
Research paper
Influence of chirality on the cyclohexene-fused C60 fullerene derivatives as an accepter partner in a photovoltaic cell
Kiyotaka Sugawara, Naoshi Nakamura, Yu Yamane, Shuichi Hayase, Toshiki Nokami, Toshiyuki Itoh
2016, 1(2): 149-155. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.07.004
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Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) using chiral cyclohexene-fused [C60]-fullerene derivatives that have (l)-menthyl ester moiety have been prepared and their properties evaluated as acceptor molecules with P3HT polymer: racemic cyclohexene-fused [C60] fullenene, (RS)-(1R,2S,5R)- 2a showed higher PCE (2.81%) than that of standard [C60]-PCBM (2.64%) under the same analysis conditions. On the contrary, devices using chiral (R)-(1R,2S,5R)- 2a and (S)-(1R,2S,5R)- 2a , showed PCE as 1.08% and 1.10%, respectively. The main origin of the differences in PCE was found to be their poor JSC values. The results indicate that the aggregation state might influence the interaction state with P3HT and impact the results of the OPV properties, JSC values in particular.
Multi-objective optimization of biomass to biomethane system
Nana Yan, Baozeng Ren, Bin Wu, Di Bao, Xiangping Zhang, Jingheng Wang
2016, 1(2): 156-165. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.05.001
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The superstructure optimization of biomass to biomethane system through digestion is conducted in this work. The system encompasses biofeedstock collection and transportation, anaerobic digestion, biogas upgrading, and digestate recycling. We propose a multicriteria mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that seeks to minimize the energy consumption and maximize the green degree and the biomethane production constrained by technology selection, mass balance, energy balance, and environmental impact. A multi-objective MINLP model is proposed and solved with a fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The resulting Pareto-optimal surface reveals the trade-off among the conflicting objectives. The optimal results indicate quantitatively that higher green degree and biomethane production objectives can be obtained at the expense of destroying the performance of the energy consumption objective.
The synthesis and application of zeolitic material from fly ash by one-pot method at low temperature
Jialin Yu, Yang Yang, Wenting Chen, Dong Xu, Hua Guo, Kevin Li, Hanqiang Liu
2016, 1(2): 166-171. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.07.002
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A new route to prepare zeolitic material was introduced in this work. Compared with traditional methods, the new route showed lower energy consume. The effect of pre-treatment conditions on structure and crystalline phase was investigated, revealing that the mullite crystalline phase in fly ash could be converted to amorphous phase by alkali at low temperature. The removal performance of heavy metal ions on designed material was also investigated, and we found that the intermediate product showed higher adsorption capacity on Ni2+ than zeolite A.
Biosorption of chromium from electroplating and galvanizing industrial effluents under extreme conditions using Chlorella vulgaris
G. Sibi
2016, 1(2): 172-177. doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.002
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Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a toxic oxidized form and an important metal pollutant in the water bodies. Biosorption of chromium(VI) offers a potential alternative to conventional metal removal methods. Dried biomass ofChlorella vulgaris was used as biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating and galvanizing industry effluents as a function of biosorbent dosage, contact time, pH, salinity and initial metal ion concentration. Batch experiments were conducted for biosorption and the optimum conditions were 1 g/L biomass, 4 h contact time, pH 2 and 2.893 mS/cm of electrical conductivity. The chromium biosorption was strictly pH dependent with a maximum Cr removal of 63.2 mg/L at pH 2. Highest Cr removal at a concentration of 81.3 mg/L was observed at Electrical conductivity (EC) value of 2.893 mS/cm. A comparison of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models revealed that Freundlich isotherm model fitted the experimental data based on R 2, qmax and standard error values. The results suggest that C. vulgaris biomass could be considered a promising low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating and galvanizing industry effluents.

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