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Interfacial regulation for zinc metal anode of aqueous zinc-ion battery
Jing Zhu, Xumeng Ge, Zhi Peng, Liang Pan, Ziyu Peng, Yingqiao Jiang, Wei Meng, Zekun Zhang, Ningning Zhao, Bin Li, Lei Dai, Ling Wang, Zhangxing He
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.11.001
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Abstract:
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted significant attention due to their high energy density, low cost, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the development of AZIBs has been significantly hindered by the unavoidable issues with zinc dendrites and the side reactions of the anode. The strategies for stable and controllable interfacial regulation have recently made rapid progress, due to their dual function of improving zinc ion transport dynamics and preventing direct contact of zinc with electrolytes. Therefore, it’s imperative to conduct a comprehensive summary of the interfacial regulation of zinc anodes and to engage in in-depth research into the underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, the interfacial regulation was classified based on battery structure, including anode coating strategy, electrolyte engineering, and separator optimization. Eventually, the current limitations of interfacial regulation and a deep outlook on AZIBs interface engineering are summarized.
Valorization of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for energy conversion reactions
Jin Zhang, Ding Chen, Jixiang Jiao, Weihao Zeng, Shichun Mu
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.006
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Abstract:
With large-scale commercial applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lots of spent LIBs will be produced and cause huge waste of resources and greatly increased environmental problems. Thus, recycling spent LIB materials is inevitable. Due to high added-value features, converting spent LIB cathode materials into catalysts exhibits broad application prospects. Inspired by this, we review the high-added-value reutilization of spent LIB materials toward catalysts of energy conversion. First, the failure mechanism of spent LIB cathode materials are discussed, and then the transformation and modification strategies are summarized and analyzed to improve the transformation efficiency of failed cathode materials and the catalytic performance of catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical applications of failed cathode material derived catalysts are introduced, and the key problems and countermeasures are analyzed and proposed. Finally, the future development trend and prospect of high-added-value reutilization for spent LIB cathode materials toward catalysts are also given. This review will predictably advance the awareness of valorizing spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for catalysis.
Dual-bonded Polyethyleneimine Network with Electron-withdrawing Groups at α, β-sites for Ultra-stable and Low-energy CO2 Capture in Harsh Environments
Tong Zhou, Yunxia Wen, Zhinan Wu, Shuailong Song, Bohong Wu, Hongwei Guo, Huanhao Chen, Xin Feng, Liwen Mu, Xiaohua Lu, Tuo Ji, Jiahua Zhu
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.005.
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Abstract:
As an innovative approach to addressing climate change, significant efforts have been dedicated to the development of amine sorbents for CO2 capture. However, the high energy requirements and limited lifespan of these sorbents, such as oxidative and water stability, pose significant challenges to their widespread commercial adoption. Moreover, the understanding of the relationship between adsorption energy and adsorption sites is not known. In this work, a dual-bond strategy was used to create novel secondary amine structures by a polyethyleneimine (PEI) network with electron-extracted (EE) amine sites at adjacent sites, thereby weakening the CO2 binding energy while maintaining the binding ability. In-situ FT-IR and DFT demonstrated the oxygen-containing functional groups adjacent to the amino group withdraw electrons from the N atom, thereby reducing the CO2 adsorption capacity of the secondary amine, resulting in lower regeneration energy consumption of 1.39 GJ·t-1-CO2. In addition, the EE sorbents demonstrated remarkable performance with retention of over 90% of their working capacity after 100 cycles, even under harsh conditions containing 10% O2 and 20% H2O. DFT calculations were employed to clarify for the first time the mechanism that the oxygen functional group at the α-site hinders the formation of the urea structure, thereby being an antioxidant. These findings highlight the promising potential of such sorbents for deployment in various CO2 emission scenarios, irrespective of environmental conditions.
Heterointerface of Nickel-ferric Hydroxide/Cobalt-phosphide-boride Boosting Hydrazine-assisted Water Electrolysis
Jiayi Wang, Shaojun Qing, Xili Tong, Ting Xiang, Guangnan Luo, Kun Zhang, Liangji Xu
 doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2024.10.003
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Abstract:
Sustainable H2 production based on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) has attracted wide attention due to minimal energy consumption compared to overall water electrolysis. The present study focuses on the design and construction of heterostructured CoPB@NiFe-OH applied as efficient bifunctional catalysts to sustainable produce hydrogen and remove hydrazine in alkaline media. Impressively, CoPB@NiFe-OH heterointerface exhibits an HzOR potential of -135 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 when the P to B atom ratio was 0.2, simultaneously an HER potential of -32 mV toward HER when the atom ratio of P and B was 0.5. Thus, hydrogen production without an outer voltage accompanied by a small current density output of 25 mA cm-2 is achieved, surpassing most reported catalysts. In addition, DFT calculations demonstrate the Co sites in CoPB upgrades H* adsorption, while the Ni sites in NiFe-OH optimizes the adsorption energy of N2H4* due to electron transfer from CoPB to NiFeOH at the heterointerface, ultimately leading to exceptional wonderful performance in hydrazine-assistant water electrolysis via HER coupled with HzOR.
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Synthesis and applications of MOF-derived porous nanostructures
Min Hui Yap, Kam Loon Fow, George Zheng Chen
2017, 2(3): 218-245.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.05.003
[Abstract](515) [FullText HTML](197) [PDF 6267KB](100)
摘要:
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability. Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017, on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture. Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
[Abstract](633) [FullText HTML](286) [PDF 14207KB](134)
摘要:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels
Weiping Deng, Yunchao Feng, Jie Fu, Haiwei Guo, Yong Guo, Buxing Han, Zhicheng Jiang, Lingzhao Kong, Changzhi Li, Haichao Liu, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Puning Ren, Feng Wang, Shuai Wang, Yanqin Wang, Ye Wang, Sie Shing Wong, Kai Yan, Ning Yan, Xiaofei Yang, Yuanbao Zhang, Zhanrong Zhang, Xianhai Zeng, Hui Zhou
2023, 8(1): 10-114.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.07.003
[Abstract](1035) [PDF 23019KB](84)
摘要:
In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future, lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels. Following a brief introduction on the structure, major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass, the catalytic conversion of three main components, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, into various compounds are comprehensively discussed. Either in separate steps or in one-pot, cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF, furfural, polyols, and organic acids, or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids. On the other hand, lignin is first depolymerized into phenols, catechols, guaiacols, aldehydes and ketones, and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels, bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds. The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification, catalytic pyrolysis, as well as emerging strategies. Finally, opportunities, challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.
Application of deep eutectic solvents in biomass pretreatment and conversion
Yu Chen, Tiancheng Mu
2019, 4(2): 95-115.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.01.012
[Abstract](720) [FullText HTML](304) [PDF 3331KB](115)
摘要:
Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials, energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility, which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs: (1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass; (2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass; (3) DESs for biomass conversion; (4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.
Overview of acidic deep eutectic solvents on synthesis, properties and applications
Hao Qin, Xutao Hu, Jingwen Wang, Hongye Cheng, Lifang Chen, Zhiwen Qi
2020, 5(1): 8-21.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.03.002
[Abstract](740) [FullText HTML](319) [PDF 1576KB](108)
摘要:
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) into Brønsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character. The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents (BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents (LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries
Jilei Liu, Chaohe Xu, Zhen Chen, Shibing Ni, Ze Xiang Shen
2018, 3(1): 20-41.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001
[Abstract](351) [FullText HTML](133) [PDF 6967KB](80)
摘要:
Over the past decades, a series of aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) were explored, investigated and demonstrated. Among them, aqueous rechargeable alkali-metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) batteries, aqueous rechargeable-metal ion (Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+) batteries and aqueous rechargeable hybrid batteries are standing out due to peculiar properties. In this review, we focus on the fundamental basics of these batteries, and discuss the scientific and/or technological achievements and challenges. By critically reviewing state-of-the-art technologies and the most promising results so far, we aim to analyze the benefits of ARBs and the critical issues to be addressed, and to promote better development of ARBs.
Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of petroleum industry
Baoliang Peng, Zhaoling Yao, Xiaocong Wang, Mitchel Crombeen, Dalton G. Sweeney, Kam Chiu Tam
2020, 5(1): 37-49.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.09.003
[Abstract](340) [FullText HTML](148) [PDF 2482KB](63)
摘要:
The most abundant natural biopolymer on earth, cellulose fiber, may offer a highly efficient, low-cost, and chemical-free option for wastewater treatment. Cellulose is widely distributed in plants and several marine animals. It is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of β-1,4-linked anhydro-D-glucose units with three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU). Cellulose-based materials have been used in food, industrial, pharmaceutical, paper, textile production, and in wastewater treatment applications due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. For water treatment in the oil and gas industry, cellulose-based materials can be used as adsorbents, flocculants, and oil/water separation membranes. In this review, the uses of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas industry are summarized, and recent research progress in the following aspects are highlighted: crude oil spill cleaning, flocculation of solid suspended matter in drilling or oil recovery in the upstream oil industry, adsorption of heavy metal or chemicals, and separation of oil/water by cellulosic membrane in the downstream water treatment.
Applications of metal–organic frameworks for green energy and environment: New advances in adsorptive gas separation, storage and removal
Bin Wang, Lin-Hua Xie, Xiaoqing Wang, Xiao-Min Liu, Jinping Li, Jian-Rong Li
2018, 3(3): 191-228.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2018.03.001
[Abstract](429) [FullText HTML](176) [PDF 11013KB](86)
摘要:
The separation of gas molecules with similar physicochemical properties is of high importance but practically entails a substantial energy penalty in chemical industry. Meanwhile, clean energy gases such as H2 and CH4 are considered as promising candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil fuels. However, the technologies for the storage of these gases are still immature. In addition, the release of anthropogenic toxic gases into the atmosphere is a worldwide threat of growing concern. Both in academia and industry, considerable research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced porous materials for the effective and energy-efficient separation, storage, or capture of the related gases. In contrast to conventional inorganic porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a type of promising materials for gas separation and storage. In this contribution, we review the recent research advance of MOFs in some relevant applications, including CO2 capture, O2 purification, separation of light hydrocarbons, separation of noble gases, storage of gases (CH4, H2, and C2H2) for energy, and removal of some gaseous air pollutants (NH3, NO2, and SO2). Finally, an outlook regarding the challenges of the future research of MOFs in these directions is given.
Advanced chemical strategies for lithium–sulfur batteries: A review
Xiaojing Fan, Wenwei Sun, Fancheng Meng, Aiming Xing, Jiehua Liu
2018, 3(1): 2-19.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.08.002
[Abstract](323) [FullText HTML](122) [PDF 4671KB](82)
摘要:
Lithium–sulfur (LiS) battery has been considered as one of the most promising rechargeable batteries among various energy storage devices owing to the attractive ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the performance of LiS batteries is still far from theoretical prediction because of the inherent insulation of sulfur, shuttling of soluble polysulfides, swelling of cathode volume and the formation of lithium dendrites. Significant efforts have been made to trap polysulfides via physical strategies using carbon based materials, but the interactions between polysulfides and carbon are so weak that the device performance is limited. Chemical strategies provide the relatively complemented routes for improving the batteries' electrochemical properties by introducing strong interactions between functional groups and lithium polysulfides. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the recent advances in chemical absorption for improving the performance of LiS batteries by introducing functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, and boron, etc.) and chemical additives (metal, polymers, etc.) to the carbon structures, and how these foreign guests immobilize the dissolved polysulfides.
A review on photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide
Ee Teng Kho, Tze Hao Tan, Emma Lovell, Roong Jien Wong, Jason Scott, Rose Amal
2017, 2(3): 204-217.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.003
[Abstract](283) [FullText HTML](115) [PDF 2237KB](91)
摘要:
The conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added products is of great industrial and environmental interest. However, as carbon dioxide is relatively stable, the input energy required for this conversion is a significant limiting factor in the system's performance. By utilising energy from the sun, through a range of key routes, this limitation can be overcome. In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical overview of the potential routes to harvest the sun's energy, primarily through solar-thermal technologies and plasmonic resonance effects. Focusing on the localised heating approach, this review shortlists and compares viable catalysts for the photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide. Further, the pathways and potential products of different carbon dioxide conversion routes are outlined with the reverse water gas shift, methanation, and methanol synthesis being of key interest. Finally, the challenges in implementing such systems and the outlook to the future are detailed.
Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO2-to-chemical conversion
Junzhu Yang, Chi-Kit Sou, Yuan Lu
2024, 9(9): 1366-1383.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.10.002
[Abstract](219) [PDF 4824KB](109)
Abstract:
The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment. How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers. Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years. In this review, the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis, electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized. We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems, especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system, and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO2 fixation, suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.
Spectrophotometric determination of the formation constants of Calcium(II) complexes with 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile
Jacqueline González González, Mónica Nájera-Lara, Varinia López-Ramírez, Juan Antonio Ramírez-Vázquez, José J.N. Segoviano-Garfias
2017, 2(1): 51-57.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.01.002
[Abstract](123) [FullText HTML](53) [PDF 1052KB](53)
Abstract:
In this work, with the purpose to explore the coordination chemistry of calcium complexes which could work as a partial model of manganese–calcium cluster, a spectrophotometric study to evaluate the stability of the complexes: Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile, were carried on. By processing the spectrophotometric data with the HypSpec program allows the determination of the formation constants. The logarithmic values of the formation constants obtained for Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine were log β110 = 4.69, log β110 = 5.25 and log β110 = 4.072, respectively.
Nitrogen-doping boosts *CO utilization and H2O activation on copper for improving CO2 reduction to C2+ products
Yisen Yang, Zhonghao Tan, Jianling Zhang, Jie Yang, Renjie Zhang, Sha Wang, Yi Song, Zhuizhui Su
2024, 9(9): 1459-1465.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.09.002
[Abstract](90) [PDF 1881KB](42)
Abstract:
To improve the electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to multi-carbon (C2+) products is of great importance. Here we developed a nitrogen-doped Cu catalyst, by which the maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency can reach 72.7% in flow-cell system, with the partial current density reaching 0.62 A cm-2. The in situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the *CO adsorption can be strengthened on such a N-doped Cu catalyst, thus promoting the *CO utilization in the subsequent C-C coupling step. Simultaneously, the water activation can be well enhanced by N doping on Cu catalyst. Owing to the synergistic effects, the selectivity and activity for C2+ products over the N-deoped Cu catalyst are much improved.
Recovery of greenhouse gas as cleaner fossil fuel contributes to carbon neutrality
Xin Zhang, Jian-Rong Li
2023, 8(2): 351-353.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.06.002
[Abstract](362) [PDF 438KB](145)
Abstract:
Under the context of carbon neutrality of China, it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Currently, coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China. The country is striving hard to replace it with methane, a cleaner fossil fuel. Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane (CBM) reserves, it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration. The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining, causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect. The recent work by Yang et al. demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents. Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability, which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
[Abstract](633) [FullText HTML](286) [PDF 14207KB](286)
Abstract:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Synthesis and applications of MOF-derived porous nanostructures
Min Hui Yap, Kam Loon Fow, George Zheng Chen
2017, 2(3): 218-245.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.05.003
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability. Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017, on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture. Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.
Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels
Weiping Deng, Yunchao Feng, Jie Fu, Haiwei Guo, Yong Guo, Buxing Han, Zhicheng Jiang, Lingzhao Kong, Changzhi Li, Haichao Liu, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Puning Ren, Feng Wang, Shuai Wang, Yanqin Wang, Ye Wang, Sie Shing Wong, Kai Yan, Ning Yan, Xiaofei Yang, Yuanbao Zhang, Zhanrong Zhang, Xianhai Zeng, Hui Zhou
2023, 8(1): 10-114.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.07.003
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future, lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels. Following a brief introduction on the structure, major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass, the catalytic conversion of three main components, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, into various compounds are comprehensively discussed. Either in separate steps or in one-pot, cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF, furfural, polyols, and organic acids, or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids. On the other hand, lignin is first depolymerized into phenols, catechols, guaiacols, aldehydes and ketones, and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels, bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds. The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification, catalytic pyrolysis, as well as emerging strategies. Finally, opportunities, challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.
Application of deep eutectic solvents in biomass pretreatment and conversion
Yu Chen, Tiancheng Mu
2019, 4(2): 95-115.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.01.012
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials, energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility, which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs: (1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass; (2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass; (3) DESs for biomass conversion; (4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.
Overview of acidic deep eutectic solvents on synthesis, properties and applications
Hao Qin, Xutao Hu, Jingwen Wang, Hongye Cheng, Lifang Chen, Zhiwen Qi
2020, 5(1): 8-21.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.03.002
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) into Brønsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character. The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents (BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents (LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries
Jilei Liu, Chaohe Xu, Zhen Chen, Shibing Ni, Ze Xiang Shen
2018, 3(1): 20-41.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001
Abstract HTML PDF
Abstract:
Over the past decades, a series of aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) were explored, investigated and demonstrated. Among them, aqueous rechargeable alkali-metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) batteries, aqueous rechargeable-metal ion (Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+) batteries and aqueous rechargeable hybrid batteries are standing out due to peculiar properties. In this review, we focus on the fundamental basics of these batteries, and discuss the scientific and/or technological achievements and challenges. By critically reviewing state-of-the-art technologies and the most promising results so far, we aim to analyze the benefits of ARBs and the critical issues to be addressed, and to promote better development of ARBs.
Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of petroleum industry
Baoliang Peng, Zhaoling Yao, Xiaocong Wang, Mitchel Crombeen, Dalton G. Sweeney, Kam Chiu Tam
2020, 5(1): 37-49.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2019.09.003
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Abstract:
The most abundant natural biopolymer on earth, cellulose fiber, may offer a highly efficient, low-cost, and chemical-free option for wastewater treatment. Cellulose is widely distributed in plants and several marine animals. It is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of β-1,4-linked anhydro-D-glucose units with three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU). Cellulose-based materials have been used in food, industrial, pharmaceutical, paper, textile production, and in wastewater treatment applications due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. For water treatment in the oil and gas industry, cellulose-based materials can be used as adsorbents, flocculants, and oil/water separation membranes. In this review, the uses of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas industry are summarized, and recent research progress in the following aspects are highlighted: crude oil spill cleaning, flocculation of solid suspended matter in drilling or oil recovery in the upstream oil industry, adsorption of heavy metal or chemicals, and separation of oil/water by cellulosic membrane in the downstream water treatment.
Applications of metal–organic frameworks for green energy and environment: New advances in adsorptive gas separation, storage and removal
Bin Wang, Lin-Hua Xie, Xiaoqing Wang, Xiao-Min Liu, Jinping Li, Jian-Rong Li
2018, 3(3): 191-228.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2018.03.001
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The separation of gas molecules with similar physicochemical properties is of high importance but practically entails a substantial energy penalty in chemical industry. Meanwhile, clean energy gases such as H2 and CH4 are considered as promising candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil fuels. However, the technologies for the storage of these gases are still immature. In addition, the release of anthropogenic toxic gases into the atmosphere is a worldwide threat of growing concern. Both in academia and industry, considerable research efforts have been devoted to developing advanced porous materials for the effective and energy-efficient separation, storage, or capture of the related gases. In contrast to conventional inorganic porous materials such as zeolites and activated carbons, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a type of promising materials for gas separation and storage. In this contribution, we review the recent research advance of MOFs in some relevant applications, including CO2 capture, O2 purification, separation of light hydrocarbons, separation of noble gases, storage of gases (CH4, H2, and C2H2) for energy, and removal of some gaseous air pollutants (NH3, NO2, and SO2). Finally, an outlook regarding the challenges of the future research of MOFs in these directions is given.
Advanced chemical strategies for lithium–sulfur batteries: A review
Xiaojing Fan, Wenwei Sun, Fancheng Meng, Aiming Xing, Jiehua Liu
2018, 3(1): 2-19.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.08.002
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Lithium–sulfur (LiS) battery has been considered as one of the most promising rechargeable batteries among various energy storage devices owing to the attractive ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the performance of LiS batteries is still far from theoretical prediction because of the inherent insulation of sulfur, shuttling of soluble polysulfides, swelling of cathode volume and the formation of lithium dendrites. Significant efforts have been made to trap polysulfides via physical strategies using carbon based materials, but the interactions between polysulfides and carbon are so weak that the device performance is limited. Chemical strategies provide the relatively complemented routes for improving the batteries' electrochemical properties by introducing strong interactions between functional groups and lithium polysulfides. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the recent advances in chemical absorption for improving the performance of LiS batteries by introducing functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, and boron, etc.) and chemical additives (metal, polymers, etc.) to the carbon structures, and how these foreign guests immobilize the dissolved polysulfides.
A review on photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide
Ee Teng Kho, Tze Hao Tan, Emma Lovell, Roong Jien Wong, Jason Scott, Rose Amal
2017, 2(3): 204-217.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.003
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The conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added products is of great industrial and environmental interest. However, as carbon dioxide is relatively stable, the input energy required for this conversion is a significant limiting factor in the system's performance. By utilising energy from the sun, through a range of key routes, this limitation can be overcome. In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical overview of the potential routes to harvest the sun's energy, primarily through solar-thermal technologies and plasmonic resonance effects. Focusing on the localised heating approach, this review shortlists and compares viable catalysts for the photo-thermal catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide. Further, the pathways and potential products of different carbon dioxide conversion routes are outlined with the reverse water gas shift, methanation, and methanol synthesis being of key interest. Finally, the challenges in implementing such systems and the outlook to the future are detailed.
Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO2-to-chemical conversion
Junzhu Yang, Chi-Kit Sou, Yuan Lu
2024, 9(9): 1366-1383.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.10.002
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The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment. How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers. Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years. In this review, the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis, electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized. We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems, especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system, and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO2 fixation, suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.
Spectrophotometric determination of the formation constants of Calcium(II) complexes with 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile
Jacqueline González González, Mónica Nájera-Lara, Varinia López-Ramírez, Juan Antonio Ramírez-Vázquez, José J.N. Segoviano-Garfias
2017, 2(1): 51-57.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.01.002
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In this work, with the purpose to explore the coordination chemistry of calcium complexes which could work as a partial model of manganese–calcium cluster, a spectrophotometric study to evaluate the stability of the complexes: Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine in acetonitrile, were carried on. By processing the spectrophotometric data with the HypSpec program allows the determination of the formation constants. The logarithmic values of the formation constants obtained for Calcium(II)-1,2-ethylendiamine, Calcium(II)-1,3-propanediamine and Calcium(II)-1,4-butanediamine were log β110 = 4.69, log β110 = 5.25 and log β110 = 4.072, respectively.
Nitrogen-doping boosts *CO utilization and H2O activation on copper for improving CO2 reduction to C2+ products
Yisen Yang, Zhonghao Tan, Jianling Zhang, Jie Yang, Renjie Zhang, Sha Wang, Yi Song, Zhuizhui Su
2024, 9(9): 1459-1465.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2023.09.002
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To improve the electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to multi-carbon (C2+) products is of great importance. Here we developed a nitrogen-doped Cu catalyst, by which the maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency can reach 72.7% in flow-cell system, with the partial current density reaching 0.62 A cm-2. The in situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the *CO adsorption can be strengthened on such a N-doped Cu catalyst, thus promoting the *CO utilization in the subsequent C-C coupling step. Simultaneously, the water activation can be well enhanced by N doping on Cu catalyst. Owing to the synergistic effects, the selectivity and activity for C2+ products over the N-deoped Cu catalyst are much improved.
Recovery of greenhouse gas as cleaner fossil fuel contributes to carbon neutrality
Xin Zhang, Jian-Rong Li
2023, 8(2): 351-353.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2022.06.002
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Under the context of carbon neutrality of China, it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Currently, coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China. The country is striving hard to replace it with methane, a cleaner fossil fuel. Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane (CBM) reserves, it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration. The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining, causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect. The recent work by Yang et al. demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents. Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability, which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.
A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum–air batteries
Yisi Liu, Qian Sun, Wenzhang Li, Keegan R. Adair, Jie Li, Xueliang Sun
2017, 2(3): 246-277.   doi: 10.1016/j.gee.2017.06.006
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The aluminum–air battery is considered to be an attractive candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg−1), which is significantly greater than that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, some technical and scientific problems preventing the large-scale development of Al–air batteries have not yet to be resolved. In this review, we present the fundamentals, challenges and the recent advances in Al–air battery technology from aluminum anode, air cathode and electrocatalysts to electrolytes and inhibitors. Firstly, the alloying of aluminum with transition metal elements is reviewed and shown to reduce the self-corrosion of Al and improve battery performance. Additionally for the cathode, extensive studies of electrocatalytic materials for oxygen reduction/evolution including Pt and Pt alloys, nonprecious metal catalysts, and carbonaceous materials at the air cathode are highlighted. Moreover, for the electrolyte, the application of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes in Al–air batteries are discussed. Meanwhile, the addition of inhibitors to the electrolyte to enhance electrochemical performance is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are proposed for the further development of Al–air batteries.

Editor-in-Chief:Buxing Han

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